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{"html":"\n                \n                \n                    New Search\n                    \n
David A. Kotler
\n                            Partner\n                            |\n                                New York\n                            <button></button>\n                            <button>Briefcase allows you to select pages from any section of the website and collect them in batch that can be output as a PDF and/or Word document.</button>\n        \n
\n                            Partner\n                            |\n                                New York\n                        David A. Kotler\n                            <button></button>\n                        <button>\n                            Contact Details\n                        </button>\n                            <button></button>\n
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\n                                \n                                    david.kotler@dechert.com\n                                \n
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\n                                        <button>\n                                            New York\n                                        </button>\n                                            New York Office\n                                                Three Bryant Park, 1095 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, United States of America 10036-6797\n
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\n    <select><option>Biography</option></select>BiographyBiographyRepresentative ExperienceRankings & RecognitionSpeaking EngagementsExternal Articles\n
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David A. Kotler, co-chair of the U.S. Asset Management Litigation/Enforcement practice, advises and represents clients in a wide range of complex corporate and commercial litigation matters involving the financial markets, with a particular focus on investment advisers and other financial services firms both within and outside the mutual fund industry. Mr. Kotler also frequently counsels boards and senior management on a variety of litigation-related matters.
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Described as â€œvery smartâ€� and \"well regarded among the Bar,\" Mr. Kotler was recommended by Chambers USA, a referral guide to leading lawyers in the United States based on the opinions of their peers and clients for his commercial litigation practice. The Legal 500 US have also noted his securities and shareholder litigation practice.
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Mr. Kotler is also co-author of Mutual Fund Litigation and Insurance Guide (LexisNexis), a comprehensive book that examines the legal risks faced by the mutual fund industry, the legal bases for potential liability of mutual fund industry participants, the key precedents from important regulatory enforcement actions and civil litigation against the industry, and the critical insurance products and approaches that are available to mitigate these risks.
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Mutual Fund and Financial Services
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Representing Guggenheim Funds Investment Advisors in breach of fiduciary duty class action and derivative litigation both challenging the merger of a closed-end fund and seeking recovery for alleged investment losses.

Representing the Investment Company Institute as amicus in a Second Circuit appeal arising under Section 18(i) of the Investment Company Act of 1940.

Representing Calamos Advisors and Calamos Financial Services in Section 36(b) litigation challenging advisory and distribution fees for the complexâ€™s largest mutual fund.

Representing Prudential Investment in Section 36(b) litigation challenging advisory fees for five mutual funds.

Representing Security Investors, LLCÂ in Section 36(b) litigation challenging advisory fees for a closed-end fund.

Representing Harbor International Fund in Section 36(b) litigation challenging advisory fees for three mutual funds.

Representing the independent trustees of several mutual fund complexes in Section 36(b) litigation.

Representing one of the worldâ€™s largest ETFsÂ in a derivative breach of fiduciary duty action threatened by investors in the mutual fund.

Representing Charles Schwab & Co., in a breach of fiduciary duty class action challenging the advisory fees for a donor advised fund.

Representing Oppenheimer Funds and Oppenheimer Acquisition Corp. in more than a dozen class action and individual lawsuits brought in several courts arising out the Madoff Ponzi scheme.

Representing the investment adviser, distributor and key officers of the Rydex Series Funds in a Section 11 class action brought by investors in an inverse mutual fund.

Representing Oppenheimer Funds Distributors, Inc. and several related entities/persons in a derivative action brought on behalf of two mutual funds that challenge the 12b-1 payments made to broker-dealers.

Representing a family of mutual funds for one of the worldâ€™s largest money managers in a multi- billion-dollar Commodity Exchange Act class action arising out of the alleged manipulation of the U.S. Treasury futures market.

Representing two mutual funds of one of the largest investment management companies in the U.S. in a precedent-setting Sarbanes-Oxley whistle-blowing matter before an administrative law judge.

Representing a long-short hedge fund in a state law RICO action alleging an improper short- selling scheme.

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Securities and Complex Commercial Litigation
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Representing the former CEO of Hertz Corp. in a precedent-setting clawback lawsuit.

Representing the unsecured creditors committee of LATAM Airlines in an expedited litigation matter.

Representing venture capital entrepreneur and investors in a series of federal and state court lawsuits arising out of private equity investment in a technology company.

Representing international creditors of a Lehman affiliate in a US$100 million bankruptcy adversary proceeding.

Representing the investment arm of a foreign government in bankruptcy litigation in connection with its purchase of real estate assets for US$1.5 billion.

Representing one of New Yorkâ€™s largest commercial real estate developers in a series of complex litigation matters arising out of several transactions for the purchase of skilled nursing facilities.

Representing the former controller of AIG in various direct and derivative securities fraud actions.

Steiner v. MedQuist, Inc., Civil Action No. 04-5487 (D.N.J.). Represented a former CEO in Section 10(b)/Rule 10b-5 class action.

In re IPO Securities Litigation, 21 MC 92 (S.D.N.Y.). Represented four issuers in Sec. 11 and Sec. 10(b)/Rule 10b-5 consolidated class action arising out of an IPO allocation process.

Ball, et al. v. Golf Host Resorts, Inc., Case No. 99-7532-CI-15 (Fla. Cty. Ct.). Represented the issuer of an alleged investment contract.

Ball v. Starwood Capital Group, L.L.C., et al., Case No. 01-8582-CI-15 (Fla. Cty. Ct.). Represented corporate and individual defendants in a veil piercing action arising out of an alleged breach of investment contract.

Raintree Resorts International, Inc. v. Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide Inc., et al., No. H-02- 3878 (D. Tex.). Represented equity investor Starwood Capital Group and several of its principals (including Barry Sternlicht) in a breach of fiduciary duty/tortious interference action.

H.I.G. Capital, L.L.C. v. Vestcom International, Inc., et al., Docket No. C-249-02 (N.J. Ch. Div.). Represented the successful bidder for a publicly traded company.

Olkey v. Hyperion 1999 Term Trust, Inc., 98 F.3d 2 (2d Cir. 1996). Represented the issuer, a closed-end fund, in Section 11 and Section 10(b)/Rule 10b-5 class action.

Karpus v. Hyperion 1997 Term Trust, Inc., 1996 WL 668860 (S.D.N.Y. 1996). Represented the issuer, a closed-end fund, in Sec. 11 and Sec. 10(b)/Rule 10b-5 class action; motion to dismiss granted.

The successful resolution of a multi-million-dollar tortious interference and breach of fiduciary duty claim arising out of an Internet-based business.

The successful application of an adult living community to expand its facility in the face of a challenge under an anti-eviction statute (a case of first impression in New Jersey).

On a pro bono representation, obtaining a substantial federal jury verdict for sexual harassment in favor of a former New York Police Department employee.
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M&A Litigation
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Representing Turtle Beach Corp., its CEO, and its former private equity sponsor in breach of fiduciary duty and equity expropriation litigation arising out of a reverse merger with Parametric Sound Corp.

Representing Inhibitex, Inc. and its board of directors in expedited shareholder litigation following the announcement of the company's acquisition by Bristol-Myers Squibb for US$2.5 billion.

Representing One Equity Partners in expedited shareholder litigation following the announcement of the acquisition of ArthroCare Corp. by Smith & Nephew for US$1.7 billion.

Representing Buckeye Technologies, Inc. and its board of directors in expedited shareholder litigation following the announcement of the company's acquisition by Georgia Pacific for US$1.4 billion.

Representing One Equity Partners in expedited shareholder litigation following the announcement of its acquisition of M*Modal for US$1.1 billion.

Representing One Equity Partners in expedited shareholder litigation following the announcement of its acquisition of APAC Customer Services for US$470 million.

Representing Tufco Corp. and its board of directors in expedited shareholder litigation following the announcement of the company's acquisition by Griffin Holdings.

Heilman v. Baldino, Case No. MER-C-12808 (N.J. Ch. Div.). Represented the target company and its board of directors in shareholder litigation brought following a merger.
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Dispute resolution > Financial services litigation - Legal 500 US (2025)

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Value for money â€“ Changing the Retail Investor Landscape â€” IBA Global Challenges and Opportunities for the Asset Management Industry Conference,Â Boston, MA (June 11, 2024)

Corporate Governane SymposiumÂ â€” Dechert LLP (February 27, 2024)

Mutual Fund Litigation and Enforcement UpdateÂ â€” Mutual Fund Directors Forum, Webinar (June 6, 2023)

Mutual Fund Litigation and Enforcement UpdateÂ â€”Â Mutual Fund Directors Forum,Â Webinar (March 23, 2022)
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SPAC Litigation: Issues and Trends (April 21, 2021)
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Mutual Fund Litigation and Enforcement Update â€” Mutual Fund Directors Forum, WebinarÂ (November 17, 2020)
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Disclosures and Communications with U.S. Fund Investors in the Current Environment â€” Dechert LLP, COVID-19 Coronavirus Business Impact Webinar (April 7, 2020)
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Excessive Fee Litigation and Enforcement: Recent Decisions and TrendsÂ â€” Mutual Fund Directors Forum, Webinar (May 7, 2019)
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2017 Fund Directors Conference â€” Presented by the Independent Directors Council, Chicago (October 23-25, 2017)

2017 Policy Conference â€” Mutual Fund Directors Forum, Washington, D.C. (July 24, 2017)

Current Developments Affecting the Fund IndustryÂ â€” ICI Breakfast Briefing, Palm Desert, CA (March 14, 2017)
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The 2016 ALIC Annual Meeting, Colorado Springs, CO (May 16, 2016)

2016 Mutual Funds and Investment Management Conference â€” ICI Investment Company Institute, Orlando, FL (March 13, 2016)

The SEC Perspective: SEC Regulation and Conversations with the SEC Staff â€” Practising Law Institute's Securities Products of Insurance Companies in the Course of Regulatory Reform 2015, New York, NY (January 21, 2015)
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New York Has an Axe to Grind and Plaintiffs Try to Axe Fees â€” American Council of Life Insurers Compliance & Legal Sections Annual Meeting, Ft. Lauderdale, FL (July 28, 2014)

2012 Policy Conference â€” Mutual Fund Directors Forum, Washington, DC (June 19-20, 2012)

Developing Business 2012: Developing Networks and Client Relationships â€” Practising Law Institute, New York, NY (March 26, 2012)

Effective Trial Testimony â€” LSI's Conference on Effective Development and Presentation on Expert Testimony, Chicago, IL (September 24, 2007)

Understanding the Link Between Off-Label Sales/Promotion & Securities Fraud/Shareholder Derivative Suits â€” Pharmaceutical & Medical Device Counsel's Guide to Off-Label Communications, New York, NY (April 24, 2006)

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Board Minute Best PracticesÂ â€“Â Directors & Boards (July 10, 2024)
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The Developing Litigation Risks from the ESG Backlash in the United States â€“ Dechert OnPoint (June 21, 2023)

Delaware Court of Chancery Issues Significant Decision Addressing Fiduciary Duties of Officers, Including Holding that Officers Owe a Duty of Oversight â€“ Dechert OnPoint (January 30, 2023)

Navigating the Recent Wave of Section 36(b) Litigation: What Have We Learned? - The Investment Lawyer (February 2022)

Dechert Secures Complete Victory for Antares Pharma Before the Third Circuit - Dechert OnPoint (January 25, 2022)

Delaware Court of Chancery Issues First Decision Addressing Directorsâ€™ Fiduciary Duties in a De- SPAC Merger - Dechert OnPoint (January 18, 2022)

Tenth Circuit Affirms Another Adviser Victory in Section 36(b) Lawsuit - Dechert OnPointÂ (August 20, 2021)

SPAC Roundtable - Dechert OnPointÂ (April 21, 2021)

Lessons Learned From ERISA Class Action Litigation Arising Out Of The â€œGreat Recessionâ€� - Dechert OnPointÂ (January 07, 2021)

A Look at the Current State of ERISA Class Action Litigation - Dechert OnPointÂ (November 20, 2020)

California Superior Court Enforces Federal Forum Selection Provision Under California Law - Dechert OnPointÂ (September 11, 2020)

Federal Court Issues Trial Ruling in Section 36(b) Lawsuit: Great-West Advisory Fees Held Not a Breach of Fiduciary Duty - Dechert OnPointÂ (August 17, 2020)

For Whom the Bell Thole(s) â€“ Supreme Court Holds that Fiduciaries Under ERISA-Covered Pension Plans May Be Constitutionally Shielded - Dechert OnPointÂ (June 10, 2020)

Some Good News for the Loan Industryâ€”Loans Are Not Securities - Dechert OnPointÂ (June 01, 2020)

Asset Management Litigation/Enforcement Flash Report - Dechert OnPointÂ (May 22, 2020)

COVID-19 Coronavirus Business Impact: Everything You Need to Know to Manage the Stock Delisting Risk - Dechert OnPointÂ (May 07, 2020)

Financial Support for Nonprofit Organizations Pursuant to the U.S. CARES Act - Dechert OnPointÂ (April 07, 2020)

Disclosures and Communications with U.S. Fund Investors in the Current Environment - Dechert OnPointÂ (April 07, 2020)

Sixth Circuit Issues Section 36(b) Ruling Affirming Grant of Summary Judgment To Mutual Fund Investment Adviser - Dechert OnPointÂ (April 03, 2020)

Managing Enforcement and Litigation Risks for Asset Managers in the Current Economic Climate - Dechert OnPointÂ (April 01, 2020)

COVID-19 Coronavirus Business Impact: Regulatory Impact â€“ Focus on Global Market Abuse Risks - Dechert OnPointÂ (March 31, 2020)

Delaware Supreme Court Rules that Corporations Can Require Securities Act Claims to Be Filed Exclusively in Federal Court - Dechert OnPointÂ (March 20, 2020)

NewsFlash: \"Actual\" Actually Means Actual - U.S. Supreme Court Rules in Sulyma on ERISA's Statute of Limitations - Dechert OnPointÂ (March 05, 2020)

California Appeals Court Narrows Standing for ETF Retail Investors to Sue for Allegedly False or Misleading Registration Statements - Dechert OnPointÂ (February 18, 2020)

Mutual Fund Litigation and Insurance Practice Guide - Dechert OnPointÂ (February 04, 2020)

Recent Section 36(b) Post-Trial Ruling Awards Complete Victory to Mutual Fund Investment Adviser - Dechert OnPointÂ (October 10, 2019)

Second Circuit Finds that Section 47(b) Provides for Private Right of Action, Raising New Implications and Considerations for Mutual Fund Advisers and Trustees - Dechert OnPointÂ (September 09, 2019)

Court Credits Robust Board Process and Persuasive Independent Trustee Trial Testimony in Section 36(b) Victory - Dechert OnPointÂ (August 08, 2019)

Chambers USA Recognizes 79 Dechert Lawyers and 33 Practices - Dechert OnPointÂ (May 03, 2018)

US Courts Rule in Favor of Advisers in Three Mutual Fund Excessive Fee Cases - Dechert OnPointÂ (March 28, 2018)

Examinations, Enforcement and Litigation: Developments and Trends to Watch in 2018 - Dechert OnPointÂ (November 28, 2017)

2017 San Francisco Investment Management Symposium - Dechert OnPointÂ (November 28, 2017)

Combating diplomatic involvement in human trafficking - Dechert OnPointÂ (October 20, 2017)

Chambers USA 2017 Recognizes 75 Dechert Lawyers and Practices across 33 Categories - Dechert OnPointÂ (May 26, 2017)

Federal Court Denies â€œFiduciary Exceptionâ€� Challenge in Connection with Section 36(b) Excessive Fee Lawsuit - Dechert OnPointÂ (May 02, 2017)

Updated CHOICE Act Proposes to Impose Heightened Pleading Requirement and Raise Burden of Proof for Plaintiffs in Section 36(b) Cases Against Mutual Fund Advisers - Dechert OnPointÂ (April 28, 2017)

Federal Court Issues Trial Ruling in Section 36(b) â€œManager of Managersâ€� Lawsuit: Second Consecutive Opinion Finding Plaintiffs Failed to Meet Their Burden - Dechert OnPointÂ (March 03, 2017)

Dechert survey: Developments in securities fraud class actions against U.S. life sciences companies - Dechert OnPointÂ (February 17, 2017)

Federal Court Issues Trial Ruling in Section 36(b) \"Manager of Managers\" Lawsuit: AXA Advisory and Administrative Fees Held Not a Breach of Fiduciary Duty - Dechert OnPointÂ (January 01, 2017)

Federal Court Issues Trial Ruling in Section 36(b) â€œManager of Managersâ€� Lawsuit: AXA Advisory and Administrative Fees Held Not to Constitute a Breach of Fiduciary Duty - Dechert OnPointÂ (September 19, 2016)

Mutual Fund Litigation and Insurance Practice Guide: 2016 - 2017 Edition - Dechert OnPointÂ (September 01, 2016)

Federal Court Issues Trial Ruling in Section 36(b) \"Manager of Managers\" Lawsuit - Dechert OnPointÂ (August 29, 2016)

The Legal 500 US Recommends 104 Dechert Lawyers and Practices Across 31 Categories - Dechert OnPointÂ (June 15, 2016)

Chambers USA Recognizes 73 Dechert Lawyers and Practices Across 32 Categories - Dechert OnPointÂ (May 27, 2016)

Mutual Fund Litigation Update for Independent Directors - Dechert OnPointÂ (February 18, 2016)

Basic Written Discovery - Dechert OnPointÂ (October 20, 2015)

Financial Services Quarterly Report - Dechert OnPointÂ (October 01, 2015)

Recent Developments in U.S. Excessive Fee Litigation - Dechert OnPointÂ (October 01, 2015)

The Legal 500 Names Dechert Real Estate Firm of the Year; Recommends 105 Dechert Lawyers Across 27 Practice Categories - Dechert OnPointÂ (June 11, 2015)

Three Court Cases Redefining Fund Governance - Dechert OnPointÂ (May 19, 2015)

Chambers USA Recognizes 68 Dechert Lawyers and Practices Across 30 Categories - Dechert OnPointÂ (May 19, 2015)

Dechert Advises PennantPark in Acquisition of MCG Capital - Dechert OnPointÂ (April 29, 2015)

Dechert Survey of Securities Fraud Class Actions Brought Against US Life Sciences Companies - Dechert OnPointÂ (March 16, 2015)

New York Has an Axa to Grind and Plaintiffs Try to Axe Fees - Dechert OnPointÂ (July 28, 2014)

The Legal 500 Names Dechert Mutual Fund Firm of the Year, Recommends 94 Dechert Lawyers and Practice Groups in 20 Categories - Dechert OnPointÂ (June 26, 2014)

Dechertâ€™s Litigation Teams Recognized around the World by Chambers and The Legal 500 - Dechert OnPointÂ (June 01, 2014)

Dechertâ€™s Securities Litigation Team Recognized by Chambers and The Legal 500 - Dechert OnPointÂ (June 01, 2014)

Chambers USA Recognizes 72 Dechert Lawyers and Recognizes Dechertâ€™s Practices in 29 Categories - Dechert OnPointÂ (May 23, 2014)

Financial Services Quarterly Report - Dechert OnPointÂ (March 24, 2014)

US Fund Litigation Update: Where We are Now and Where We Could be Headed - Dechert OnPointÂ (March 24, 2014)

Current Developments Affecting the Fund Industry - Dechert OnPointÂ (March 18, 2014)

Clinical Trial Disclosure: Keeping Ahead of the Wave - Dechert OnPointÂ (June 25, 2013)

Dechertâ€™s Commercial Litigation Practice Recognized by Chambers USA in 2013 in California, New Jersey and Pennsylvania - Dechert OnPointÂ (June 14, 2013)

Chambers USA Recognizes 72 Dechert Lawyers and Recognizes Dechertâ€™s Practices in 30 Categories - Dechert OnPointÂ (May 24, 2013)

Report: Life Sciences Securities Cases Increased in 2012 - Dechert OnPointÂ (March 21, 2013)

Dechert Survey of Securities Fraud Class Actions Brought Against US Life Sciences Companies - Dechert OnPointÂ (March 20, 2013)

Dechert Advises Sovereign Wealth Fund in Purchase of Hotel Assets from CNL/MSR Resorts - Dechert OnPointÂ (March 13, 2013)

Dechertâ€™s Matthew Larrabee and David Kotler Author â€œMutual Fund Litigation and Insurance Practice Guideâ€� - Dechert OnPointÂ (November 06, 2012)

Mutual Fund Litigation and Insurance Practice Guide - Dechert OnPointÂ (September 27, 2012)

2012 Policy Conference - Dechert OnPointÂ (June 19, 2012)

Dechert Secures Two Appellate Victories in Schron, Cammebyâ€™s Equity Holdings Cases - Dechert OnPointÂ (May 23, 2012)

Dechert Survey of Securities Fraud Class Actions Brought Against Life Sciences Companies - (March 20, 2012)

Demonstrating Scienter in Market Manipulation Claims under the Commodity Exchange Act: A Checkered History and an Uncertain Future - Dechert OnPointÂ (March 01, 2012)

Emerging Trends in Merger & Acquisition Disputes - Dechert OnPointÂ (October 06, 2011)

Strike Three: Dismissal of the Third Section 47(b) Lawsuit Brought Against Mutual Fund Trustees and Distributor for the Alleged Failure of Broker-Dealers That Receive Rule 12b-1 Fees to Register as Investment Advisers - Dechert OnPointÂ (June 14, 2011)

EPJ Fund v. Halliburton: US Supreme Court Rules that Rule 10b-5 Plaintiffs Need Not Prove Loss Causation for Class Certification, But Leaves Other Potential Class Certification Defenses Untouched - Dechert OnPointÂ (June 13, 2011)

Dechert LLP Obtains Dismissal of Actions Against OppenheimerFunds Distributor in 12b-1 Fee Matter - Dechert OnPointÂ (June 06, 2011)

Another Section 47(b) Claim Dismissed Against a Mutual Fundâ€™s Distributor and Trustees for the Alleged Failure of Broker-Dealers that Receive Rule 12b-1 Fees to Register as Investment Advisers - Dechert OnPointÂ (April 18, 2011)

Dechert Survey of Securities Fraud Class Actions Brought Against Life Sciences Companies - Dechert OnPointÂ (March 30, 2011)

Why Fundsâ€™ Risk Management Strategy Must Address Insurance - Dechert OnPointÂ (March 29, 2011)

â€œStatistically Significantâ€� Standard Suffers an Adverse Event: Matrixx Initiatives, Inc. v. Siracusano - Dechert OnPointÂ (March 23, 2011)

Amicus Curiae Brief, Matrixx Initiatives v. Siracusano - Dechert OnPointÂ (August 27, 2010)

Dechert Survey of Securities Fraud Class Actions Brought Against Life Sciences Companies - Dechert OnPointÂ (March 30, 2010)

Advocates Have to Account for Juror Cynicism - Dechert OnPointÂ (February 01, 2010)

Dechert Survey of Securities Fraud Class Actions Brought Against Life Sciences Companies - Dechert OnPointÂ (April 14, 2009)

Arbitration Clause and Post-Dispute Considerations for In-House Counsel - Dechert OnPointÂ (February 06, 2009)

A Survey of Sanctions Awarded for E-Discovery Violations - Dechert OnPointÂ (January 01, 2009)

The Potential Impact of the FDAâ€™s Issuance of a â€œComplete Response Letterâ€� on Publicly Traded Life Sciences Companies - Dechert OnPointÂ (November 01, 2008)

Life Sciences Companies Remain Firmly in the Crosshairs of the Plaintiffsâ€™ Securities Bar - Dechert OnPointÂ (August 01, 2008)

Dechert Survey of Securities Fraud Class Actions Brought Against Life Sciences Companies - Dechert OnPointÂ (June 05, 2008)

Dechert Survey of Securities Fraud Class Actions Brought Against Life Sciences Companies - Dechert OnPointÂ (October 30, 2005)

Recent Case Summaries - Dechert OnPointÂ (October 03, 2005)

Dechert Survey of Securities Fraud Class Actions Brought Against Life Sciences Companies - Dechert OnPointÂ (August 10, 2004)

Sarbanes-Oxleyâ€™s Impact on State Corporate Governance - Dechert OnPointÂ (July 25, 2003)

Court Invokes â€˜Enronâ€™ as Basis for Reinstating Securities Fraud Suit - Dechert OnPointÂ (March 14, 2003)

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Related News & Insights
\n      Resources relating to David Kotler\n    \n
Events & Webinars
Webinar |  ESG Backlash in the United States: Litigation Risks
July 12, 2023View All

Onpoints & Publications
The Developing Litigation Risks from the ESG Backlash in the United States
June 21, 2023View All

Onpoints & Publications
Delaware Court of Chancery Issues Significant Decision Addressing Fiduciary Duties of Officers, Including Holding thatâ€¦
January 30, 2023View All
","instructions":["'first_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s first name.',\r\n'middle_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s middle name or middle initial, as it is presented. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'surname' => 'Extract the attorney\u2019s last name or family name',\r\n'email' => 'Extract a valid email address for the profiled attorney. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'title' => 'Extract the profiled attorney\\'s job title. Ensure it is properly capitalized.The attorney can have multiple titles, in which case list them all as an array. If no title is found, return an empty array.',\r\n'location' => 'Extract the office name or city name in which this attorney works, as it is listed. The attorney may work out of two offices, in which case both should be listed. List them as an array.',\r\n'direct_phone_no_1' => 'Extract the direct office phone number listed for this attorney. If multiple phone numbers are listed, select the one that is their direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number. If the attorney works out of two offices and has a direct line for each office, list the first here. If a direct line is unavailable, but a main or central office number is listed with an extension, list that number followed by EXT and the extension number',\r\n'direct_phone_no_2' => 'Extract the second direct office phone number listed for this attorney, if it exists. If multiple direct phone numbers are listed because the attorney works out of two office, select the second number \u2013 not the one listed in the prior item. Select only a number that is the attorney\u2019s direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number.',\r\n'image_url' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s image file',\r\n'linkedIn' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s LinkedIn profile, if it is listed. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'narrative_description' => 'Extract and combine all sections that provide a narrative overview of the attorney\u2019s biography and general work experience. Do not paraphrase, summarize, or omit information. Include the Biography/Bio section(s) and also include any Experience section that contains narrative descriptions of work (including sections structured as practice-area headings followed by descriptive paragraphs, e.g., \"Aging Services\" + paragraph text, \"Dental\" + paragraph text, etc.). Preserve headings and the order of content as it appears; you may convert embedded highlights into bullet points only if it helps preserve (not reduce) the information. EXCLUDE: any section (or subsection) that exclusively lists specific representative matters / representative experience items (typically a list of discrete matters, case captions like \"X v. Y\", deal/transaction bullet points, dated entries, courts/dockets, or similar itemized matter lists). If an Experience (or other) section contains BOTH narrative description AND a separate list of specific matters, include the narrative paragraphs/headings but omit the itemized matter list. Return the combined narrative text only. If no narrative bio or general-experience narrative exists, return an empty string.',\r\n'representative_matters' => 'Extract ALL representative matters (such as litigation cases, verdicts, transactions, or deals) that are listed as well any available descriptions of them, in both specified lists of representative matters, experience, and work highlights, as well as in the biographical text and list of news articles. If news articles for this attorney identify cases or transactions that can be inferred to be the work product of this attorney, include those matters as well. List the representative matters and their available descriptions as an array. Only pull from the text and do not paraphrase or make anything up. If no representative matters are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'news' => 'Extract news items ABOUT this attorney (not authored by them): e.g., firm/industry press releases, announcements, awards, rankings, deal/case results naming them, media coverage quoting or profiling them. List each item as \"Title (URL)\". If a \u201cNews\u201d section mixes authored content, include ONLY items that are clearly about the attorney or the firm, not implied to be authored by the attorney. Add base domain to relative links. Return an empty array [] if none.',\r\n'practice_areas' => 'Extract all the practice areas (aka departments, specialties, capabilities, services areas, areas of focus, etc.), if any, that are listed as ones that this attorney specializes in. Return them as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school' => 'Extract the law school attorney attended. This is for their primary law degree, usually a JD, LLB, or, in the absence of those, the earliest LLM listed or the institution where they received an undergraduate law degree. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which the attorney received their degree from the law school above (what year did they graduate?) If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_honors' => 'Extract all honors this attorney received in or during law school. You must review all education and credentials sections that list their law degree AND ALSO the narrative bio, as well as all other sectiosn. These honors include: latin honors (cum laude, summa cum laude, magna cum laude); school specific honors (e.g. James Kent Scholars at Columbia Law); regular honors designations (e.g. Dean\u2019s List, High Honors, etc.); Order of the Coif; course prizes (such as book awards, CALI Awards, American Jurisprudence Awards, or course awards); membership in phi kappa phi; scholarships and fellowships; moot court awards; trial advocacy awards; best oralis; brief-writing honors or other writing honors; pro bono or service distinctions; commencement prizes and medals; or other types of academic law school honors (but list them specifically - do not list them as \"other honors\". Return this entire extracted list of specific honors as an array. If no honors are found, return an empty array.',   \r\n'law_journals' =>' Extract any law reviews or law journals listed for the attorney's time in law school. Also list if the attorney had any titles in such law reviews or journals, like Articles Editor for example. Return this entire extracted list of law reviews and journals, and associated titles, as an array. If no law reviews or journals are found, return an empty array.'\r\n'undergraduate_school' => 'Extract the attorney\\'s undergraduate degree-granting school, college, university, or institution. This is probably the institution from where they received a bachelors degree. If their undergraduate degree was an LLB listed for their law school above, return an empty string. If no undergraduate schools are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which attorney received their undergraduate degree from the undergraduate school above. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_specialty' => 'Extract the specialties or majors that are listed for the undergraduate degree (e.g. economics, computer science, etc.) This does not include degree type, like B.S., Bachelor of Arts or Science degree, etc. List the specialties or majors as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_school' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, Extract the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_subject' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, list the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Masters_degree_school' => 'If this attorney has a masters degree, extract the educational institution from which they received it. But do not list schools from which the attorney received an LL.M. degree or a masters in law. If no masters degree schools are found, return an empty string. ',\r\n'Masters_degree_subject' => 'If the attorney has a masters degree, extract the subject or area of study of the masters. The subject area may be in the degree itself, such as an M.Div, which is a masters in Divinity. But do not include subjects for LL.M. degrees or masters in law degrees. DO NOT include honors or latin honors (e.g. cum laude, summa cum laude) in your answer. List subjects as array. If no masters degree subjects are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MBA_School' => 'If the attorney has a Masters in Business Administration, extract the name of the business school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MD_school' => 'If the attorney has an MD (Doctor of Medicine) or DO (Doctor of Osteopathy) degree, extract the name of the medical school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'llm_in_tax_law_school' =>  'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, specializing in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Other_LLM_school' => 'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, but not one that specializes in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'bar_and_court_admissions' => 'Extract EVERY explicit admission to practice (bar + court/agency) anywhere in the page. Include bar jurisdictions (states/provinces/territories/countries) and court/agency admissions (e.g., U.S. Supreme Court, Courts of Appeals with circuit, District/Bankruptcy/Tax/Federal Claims courts with district, USPTO, tribal/military/foreign courts). For UK attorneys, specify whether they are a solicitor, barrister, advocate, or any combination if available; for Canada, specify the province or territory; for Australia, specify the state or territory and whether they are admitted as a solicitor or barrister. Pull items under headings like \u201cAdmissions,\u201d \u201cBar Admissions,\u201d \u201cCourt Admissions,\u201d or similar, and treat each
 or clearly separated entry as one item. Do not infer from memberships/education. Exclude governments as parties, and strip years and dates. Output a deduplicated array of exact admission strings; if none, return []. ',\r\n'Clerkships' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, DO NOT include it in your answer. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Clerkships_with_judge' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, include it in parentheses after the court name, and if no judge is named, return only the court. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that lack judge names or that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Memberships' => 'Extract any organizations the attorney a member of. List them as an array, with the attorney's role if available. If no memberships or organizations are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'clients' => 'Extract the attorney's clients that are explicitly NAMED in the source code. You MUST review EVERY section (including explicit client lists, narrative biography, representative matters, experience, and news articles/titles) and then MERGE the results; do not stop after finding clients in any one section. If a list of representative matters or experience is present, extract NAMED clients from this list, and ignore any clients who are described in the list but who are not explicitly named in the list. Only include a client from the list of representative matters/experience or any other section if its name appears verbatim in the list and if the list clearly identifies the client as a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). As an overarching rule, if the client is not identified by a proper name, do not include it. When pulling clients from lists of representative matters/experience and news articles, include clients which are named and which are implied to be represented by this attorney, their team or firm, and exclude parties adverse to such clients, opposing such clients, or on the other side of a case, deal or transaction from such clients. For example, if the representative matter/experience or news article's title mentions a lending transaction with both the lender and borrower, and the attorney or their team or firm represented the lender, do not list the borrower. If a litigation case is listed, do not assume that the lawyer represented the plaintiff. Use context or other language in the text to determine which party was represented by the attorney. If a matter lists the government as one party, assume the attorney represented the other named party and include that party if it is specifically named and not anonymous. As another example, if the representative matter/experience is a litigation case, and it is written that the attorney represented the defense (or \"defended\" his client), extract the defendant named in the case title. List all named clients as a deduplicated array of NAMES copied directly from the source text. Omit unnamed parties and anonymous parties and never guess identities. If no named clients are explicitly named anywhere in the source code, return an empty string.',\r\n'industries' => 'Extract ONLY industries/industry sectors or client-type categories explicitly named in the source code (especially, but not exclusively, under headings like \u201cIndustries,\u201d \u201cPractices & Industries,\u201d or in /industries/ links). Include items like \u201cSports,\u201d \u201cHealthcare & Life Sciences,\u201d \u201cTechnology,\u201d \u201cInfrastructure,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity,\u201d etc. EXCLUDE practice areas, services, or deal/matter types (e.g., \u201cMergers & Acquisitions,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity M&A,\u201d \u201cacquisitions,\u201d \u201cinvestments,\u201d \u201cdivestitures,\u201d \u201cjoint ventures,\u201d \u201cfinancing,\u201d \u201crestructurings\u201d). Return a deduplicated array of industry/client-type names as written. If none are explicitly named, return empty array.',\r\n'languages' => 'Extract the languages in which the attorney is fluent. List them as an array.',\r\n'Accolades' => 'Extract any accolades, awards, or other special recognitions this attorney has received, such as rankings in Chambers guides (like Chambers & Partners, Chambers Gobal, or Chambers Asia-Pacific), the Legal500 list, and SuperLawyers, among others. The accolades should be specific to this attorney or their work, not generalized to their practice or their firm. List these accolades as an array. If no accolades are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'pro_bono_activities' => 'Extract the attorney's pro bono, community service, and volunteer activities, as well as any non-profit, ngo, community service organizations the attorney may be involved with. If a description of the work is provided, include that. List them as an array',\r\n'thought_leadership' => 'Extract ALL professional thought leadership attributed to this attorney in their narrative bio and in all \"Insights,\" \"Publications,\" \"Events,\" and similar sections. This includes all items with their authorship/co-authorship/speaking/hosting credit/(byline \u201cauthor,\u201d \"co-author,\" \u201cpresenter,\u201d \u201cspeaker,\u201d \u201cpanelist,\u201d \u201cwebinar,\u201d \u201cpodcast,\u201d \u201cblog,\u201d \u201carticle,\u201d \u201cpublication,\u201d \u201cchapter,\u201d \u201cCLE,\u201d etc.). This also includes any items that do not include their byline or credit, but which are implied to involve the attorney (for example, by being listed in a section on their profile for \"Insights,\" \"Podcasts,\" \"Events,\" \"Media,\" \"Thought Leadership,\" \"Webinars, etc.). If a \u201cNews\u201d or \u201cInsights\u201d section mixes third party news ABOUT this attorney, include only items implied to the attorney as creator/presenter. List each as \"Title (URL)\" when a link is present, otherwise just the title. Add base domain to relative links. Also include the publication, event/program, and date after the title if these are available. Return [] if none.'\r\n'adverse_parties' => 'Review all the source code, including the narrative bio and list of representative matters, and list EVERY identifiable and NAMED party that is adverse to this attorney\u2019s clients: litigation opponents and transaction counterparties (buyer vs seller, lender vs borrower, landlord vs tenant, licensor vs licensee, insurer vs insured, issuer vs underwriter/investor, etc.). You MUST pull from all sections in the source code - explicit lists of clients, the narrative biography, listed representative matters, or in news articles listed for this attorney, or the titles thereof. In M&A, if the attorney represented the buyer/acquirer, DO NOT list the acquired target as adverse (since it becomes the client); instead list only the selling side (seller, stockholders, founders, or divesting company). If the attorney represented the seller/target, list the buyer/acquirer. Use cues like \u201cto/with/from/against,\u201d \u201csale to/by,\u201d \u201cacquisition from/by,\u201d \u201cmerger with,\u201d \u201cfinanced by/loan to/from/credit facility with.\u201d In the attorney represented the owner or owning entity of a subsidiary/portfolio company (for example in the case of a restructuring or lending transaction), DO NOT list the subsidiary/portfolio company as adverse; Do not list governments/agencies/courts. Only include an adverse party if its name appears verbatim in the source code and clearly identifies a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). If the text does not contain the adverse party's name, do not include it. Output a deduplicated array of exact names; omit unnamed parties and never guess.'\r\n 'affinity_groups' => 'Extract ALL affinity/identity-based organizations the attorney is affiliated with on the page, even if under generic headings like \u201cAssociations,\u201d \u201cMemberships,\u201d \u201cAffiliations,\u201d \u201cCommunities,\u201d or \u201cOrganizations.\u201d Check all sections of the source code. Include all bar or professional association whose name signals an identity/affinity or civil-rights focus (e.g., words like Black/African-American/AAPI/Asian/South Asian/Pacific Islander/Hispanic/Latino/Native/Indigenous/LGBT/LGBTQ/Queer/Women/Gender/Disability/Veteran/Jewish/Muslim/Christian/Hindu/Sikh/Interfaith/Civil Rights/Minority/Diversity/Inclusion). Exclude purely general trade/professional groups without such identity focus. Return a deduplicated array of exact organization names; if none, return empty array.'"]}


[System] Extract the following details from the provided HTML source code. Return only a valid JSON object. Do not include any other text.

[User]
{"html":"\n                \n                \n                    New Search\n                    \n
William Luciani
\n                            Partner\n                            |\n                                New York\n                            <button></button>\n                            <button>Briefcase allows you to select pages from any section of the website and collect them in batch that can be output as a PDF and/or Word document.</button>\n        \n
\n                            Partner\n                            |\n                                New York\n                        William Luciani\n                            <button></button>\n                        <button>\n                            Contact Details\n                        </button>\n                            <button></button>\n
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\n                                \n                                    +1 212 641 5680\n                                \n
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\n                                \n                                    william.luciani@dechert.com\n                                \n
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\n                                \n                                    +1 212 698 3599\n                                \n
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\n                                \n                                    vCard\n                                \n
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\n                                        <button>\n                                            New York\n                                        </button>\n                                            New York Office\n                                                Three Bryant Park, 1095 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, United States of America 10036-6797\n
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\n                                                    \n                                                        +1 212 641 5680\n                                                    \n
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\n                                                    \n                                                        +1 212 698 3599\n                                                    \n
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\n    <select><option>Biography</option></select>BiographyBiography\n
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\n        <button>\n          Biography\n        </button>\n
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William Luciani is a partner in Dechertâ€™s global finance practice based in New York. He focuses his practice on asset-backed finance and securitization, advising clients on complex U.S. and cross-border transactions, including public and private securitizations, warehouse financing facilities and other structured financings, as well as forward flow purchase arrangements and other private credit transactions.
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Mr. Luciani represents sponsors, originators, issuers, underwriters, lenders and investors across a broad range of asset classes, including auto and equipment loans and leases, residential mortgage loans, unsecured consumer loans, trade receivables, whole business securitizations and other esoteric assets.
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Mr. Luciani was a Dechert summer associate in 2013.
\n                        Connect\n
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\n                                \n                                    +1 212 641 5680\n                                \n
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\n                                \n                                    william.luciani@dechert.com\n                                    Send email\n                                \n                                <button>\n                                </button>\n
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\n                                \n                                    +1 212 698 3599\n                                \n
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\n                                \n                                    vCard\n                                \n
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\n                                        <button>\n                                            New York\n                                        </button>\n                                            New York Office\n                                                Three Bryant Park, 1095 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, United States of America 10036-6797\n
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\n                                                    \n                                                        +1 212 641 5680\n                                                    \n
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\n                                                    \n                                                        +1 212 698 3599\n                                                    \n
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\n                        Services\n                        \n                              Global Finance\n                              Asset Finance & Securitization\n                              Residential Mortgage Finance\n                              Warehouse and Asset-Based Financing\n                        \n
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\n                                    <button>\n                                            Education\n                                    </button>\n
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\n                                                    Villanova University, B.A., 2011\n
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\n                                                    Hofstra University School of Law, J.D., 2014, magna cum laude, Procedural Law Award recipient, Corporate Law Award recipient\n
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\n                                    <button>\n                                            Admission\n                                    </button>\n
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\n                                                    New York\n
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Related News & Insights
\n      Resources relating to William Luciani\n    \n
Onpoints & Publications
Credit Union-Sponsored Securitizations: Market Developments and Legal Considerations
February 19, 2026View All

Onpoints & Publications
Dechert Publishes 2026 Market Insights in Lexology Securitisation Guide
February 11, 2026View All

News
Dechert Elevates 17 Attorneys to Partnership
December 1, 2025View All
","instructions":["'first_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s first name.',\r\n'middle_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s middle name or middle initial, as it is presented. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'surname' => 'Extract the attorney\u2019s last name or family name',\r\n'email' => 'Extract a valid email address for the profiled attorney. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'title' => 'Extract the profiled attorney\\'s job title. Ensure it is properly capitalized.The attorney can have multiple titles, in which case list them all as an array. If no title is found, return an empty array.',\r\n'location' => 'Extract the office name or city name in which this attorney works, as it is listed. The attorney may work out of two offices, in which case both should be listed. List them as an array.',\r\n'direct_phone_no_1' => 'Extract the direct office phone number listed for this attorney. If multiple phone numbers are listed, select the one that is their direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number. If the attorney works out of two offices and has a direct line for each office, list the first here. If a direct line is unavailable, but a main or central office number is listed with an extension, list that number followed by EXT and the extension number',\r\n'direct_phone_no_2' => 'Extract the second direct office phone number listed for this attorney, if it exists. If multiple direct phone numbers are listed because the attorney works out of two office, select the second number \u2013 not the one listed in the prior item. Select only a number that is the attorney\u2019s direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number.',\r\n'image_url' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s image file',\r\n'linkedIn' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s LinkedIn profile, if it is listed. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'narrative_description' => 'Extract and combine all sections that provide a narrative overview of the attorney\u2019s biography and general work experience. Do not paraphrase, summarize, or omit information. Include the Biography/Bio section(s) and also include any Experience section that contains narrative descriptions of work (including sections structured as practice-area headings followed by descriptive paragraphs, e.g., \"Aging Services\" + paragraph text, \"Dental\" + paragraph text, etc.). Preserve headings and the order of content as it appears; you may convert embedded highlights into bullet points only if it helps preserve (not reduce) the information. EXCLUDE: any section (or subsection) that exclusively lists specific representative matters / representative experience items (typically a list of discrete matters, case captions like \"X v. Y\", deal/transaction bullet points, dated entries, courts/dockets, or similar itemized matter lists). If an Experience (or other) section contains BOTH narrative description AND a separate list of specific matters, include the narrative paragraphs/headings but omit the itemized matter list. Return the combined narrative text only. If no narrative bio or general-experience narrative exists, return an empty string.',\r\n'representative_matters' => 'Extract ALL representative matters (such as litigation cases, verdicts, transactions, or deals) that are listed as well any available descriptions of them, in both specified lists of representative matters, experience, and work highlights, as well as in the biographical text and list of news articles. If news articles for this attorney identify cases or transactions that can be inferred to be the work product of this attorney, include those matters as well. List the representative matters and their available descriptions as an array. Only pull from the text and do not paraphrase or make anything up. If no representative matters are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'news' => 'Extract news items ABOUT this attorney (not authored by them): e.g., firm/industry press releases, announcements, awards, rankings, deal/case results naming them, media coverage quoting or profiling them. List each item as \"Title (URL)\". If a \u201cNews\u201d section mixes authored content, include ONLY items that are clearly about the attorney or the firm, not implied to be authored by the attorney. Add base domain to relative links. Return an empty array [] if none.',\r\n'practice_areas' => 'Extract all the practice areas (aka departments, specialties, capabilities, services areas, areas of focus, etc.), if any, that are listed as ones that this attorney specializes in. Return them as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school' => 'Extract the law school attorney attended. This is for their primary law degree, usually a JD, LLB, or, in the absence of those, the earliest LLM listed or the institution where they received an undergraduate law degree. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which the attorney received their degree from the law school above (what year did they graduate?) If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_honors' => 'Extract all honors this attorney received in or during law school. You must review all education and credentials sections that list their law degree AND ALSO the narrative bio, as well as all other sectiosn. These honors include: latin honors (cum laude, summa cum laude, magna cum laude); school specific honors (e.g. James Kent Scholars at Columbia Law); regular honors designations (e.g. Dean\u2019s List, High Honors, etc.); Order of the Coif; course prizes (such as book awards, CALI Awards, American Jurisprudence Awards, or course awards); membership in phi kappa phi; scholarships and fellowships; moot court awards; trial advocacy awards; best oralis; brief-writing honors or other writing honors; pro bono or service distinctions; commencement prizes and medals; or other types of academic law school honors (but list them specifically - do not list them as \"other honors\". Return this entire extracted list of specific honors as an array. If no honors are found, return an empty array.',   \r\n'law_journals' =>' Extract any law reviews or law journals listed for the attorney's time in law school. Also list if the attorney had any titles in such law reviews or journals, like Articles Editor for example. Return this entire extracted list of law reviews and journals, and associated titles, as an array. If no law reviews or journals are found, return an empty array.'\r\n'undergraduate_school' => 'Extract the attorney\\'s undergraduate degree-granting school, college, university, or institution. This is probably the institution from where they received a bachelors degree. If their undergraduate degree was an LLB listed for their law school above, return an empty string. If no undergraduate schools are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which attorney received their undergraduate degree from the undergraduate school above. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_specialty' => 'Extract the specialties or majors that are listed for the undergraduate degree (e.g. economics, computer science, etc.) This does not include degree type, like B.S., Bachelor of Arts or Science degree, etc. List the specialties or majors as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_school' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, Extract the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_subject' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, list the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Masters_degree_school' => 'If this attorney has a masters degree, extract the educational institution from which they received it. But do not list schools from which the attorney received an LL.M. degree or a masters in law. If no masters degree schools are found, return an empty string. ',\r\n'Masters_degree_subject' => 'If the attorney has a masters degree, extract the subject or area of study of the masters. The subject area may be in the degree itself, such as an M.Div, which is a masters in Divinity. But do not include subjects for LL.M. degrees or masters in law degrees. DO NOT include honors or latin honors (e.g. cum laude, summa cum laude) in your answer. List subjects as array. If no masters degree subjects are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MBA_School' => 'If the attorney has a Masters in Business Administration, extract the name of the business school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MD_school' => 'If the attorney has an MD (Doctor of Medicine) or DO (Doctor of Osteopathy) degree, extract the name of the medical school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'llm_in_tax_law_school' =>  'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, specializing in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Other_LLM_school' => 'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, but not one that specializes in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'bar_and_court_admissions' => 'Extract EVERY explicit admission to practice (bar + court/agency) anywhere in the page. Include bar jurisdictions (states/provinces/territories/countries) and court/agency admissions (e.g., U.S. Supreme Court, Courts of Appeals with circuit, District/Bankruptcy/Tax/Federal Claims courts with district, USPTO, tribal/military/foreign courts). For UK attorneys, specify whether they are a solicitor, barrister, advocate, or any combination if available; for Canada, specify the province or territory; for Australia, specify the state or territory and whether they are admitted as a solicitor or barrister. Pull items under headings like \u201cAdmissions,\u201d \u201cBar Admissions,\u201d \u201cCourt Admissions,\u201d or similar, and treat each
 or clearly separated entry as one item. Do not infer from memberships/education. Exclude governments as parties, and strip years and dates. Output a deduplicated array of exact admission strings; if none, return []. ',\r\n'Clerkships' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, DO NOT include it in your answer. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Clerkships_with_judge' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, include it in parentheses after the court name, and if no judge is named, return only the court. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that lack judge names or that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Memberships' => 'Extract any organizations the attorney a member of. List them as an array, with the attorney's role if available. If no memberships or organizations are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'clients' => 'Extract the attorney's clients that are explicitly NAMED in the source code. You MUST review EVERY section (including explicit client lists, narrative biography, representative matters, experience, and news articles/titles) and then MERGE the results; do not stop after finding clients in any one section. If a list of representative matters or experience is present, extract NAMED clients from this list, and ignore any clients who are described in the list but who are not explicitly named in the list. Only include a client from the list of representative matters/experience or any other section if its name appears verbatim in the list and if the list clearly identifies the client as a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). As an overarching rule, if the client is not identified by a proper name, do not include it. When pulling clients from lists of representative matters/experience and news articles, include clients which are named and which are implied to be represented by this attorney, their team or firm, and exclude parties adverse to such clients, opposing such clients, or on the other side of a case, deal or transaction from such clients. For example, if the representative matter/experience or news article's title mentions a lending transaction with both the lender and borrower, and the attorney or their team or firm represented the lender, do not list the borrower. If a litigation case is listed, do not assume that the lawyer represented the plaintiff. Use context or other language in the text to determine which party was represented by the attorney. If a matter lists the government as one party, assume the attorney represented the other named party and include that party if it is specifically named and not anonymous. As another example, if the representative matter/experience is a litigation case, and it is written that the attorney represented the defense (or \"defended\" his client), extract the defendant named in the case title. List all named clients as a deduplicated array of NAMES copied directly from the source text. Omit unnamed parties and anonymous parties and never guess identities. If no named clients are explicitly named anywhere in the source code, return an empty string.',\r\n'industries' => 'Extract ONLY industries/industry sectors or client-type categories explicitly named in the source code (especially, but not exclusively, under headings like \u201cIndustries,\u201d \u201cPractices & Industries,\u201d or in /industries/ links). Include items like \u201cSports,\u201d \u201cHealthcare & Life Sciences,\u201d \u201cTechnology,\u201d \u201cInfrastructure,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity,\u201d etc. EXCLUDE practice areas, services, or deal/matter types (e.g., \u201cMergers & Acquisitions,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity M&A,\u201d \u201cacquisitions,\u201d \u201cinvestments,\u201d \u201cdivestitures,\u201d \u201cjoint ventures,\u201d \u201cfinancing,\u201d \u201crestructurings\u201d). Return a deduplicated array of industry/client-type names as written. If none are explicitly named, return empty array.',\r\n'languages' => 'Extract the languages in which the attorney is fluent. List them as an array.',\r\n'Accolades' => 'Extract any accolades, awards, or other special recognitions this attorney has received, such as rankings in Chambers guides (like Chambers & Partners, Chambers Gobal, or Chambers Asia-Pacific), the Legal500 list, and SuperLawyers, among others. The accolades should be specific to this attorney or their work, not generalized to their practice or their firm. List these accolades as an array. If no accolades are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'pro_bono_activities' => 'Extract the attorney's pro bono, community service, and volunteer activities, as well as any non-profit, ngo, community service organizations the attorney may be involved with. If a description of the work is provided, include that. List them as an array',\r\n'thought_leadership' => 'Extract ALL professional thought leadership attributed to this attorney in their narrative bio and in all \"Insights,\" \"Publications,\" \"Events,\" and similar sections. This includes all items with their authorship/co-authorship/speaking/hosting credit/(byline \u201cauthor,\u201d \"co-author,\" \u201cpresenter,\u201d \u201cspeaker,\u201d \u201cpanelist,\u201d \u201cwebinar,\u201d \u201cpodcast,\u201d \u201cblog,\u201d \u201carticle,\u201d \u201cpublication,\u201d \u201cchapter,\u201d \u201cCLE,\u201d etc.). This also includes any items that do not include their byline or credit, but which are implied to involve the attorney (for example, by being listed in a section on their profile for \"Insights,\" \"Podcasts,\" \"Events,\" \"Media,\" \"Thought Leadership,\" \"Webinars, etc.). If a \u201cNews\u201d or \u201cInsights\u201d section mixes third party news ABOUT this attorney, include only items implied to the attorney as creator/presenter. List each as \"Title (URL)\" when a link is present, otherwise just the title. Add base domain to relative links. Also include the publication, event/program, and date after the title if these are available. Return [] if none.'\r\n'adverse_parties' => 'Review all the source code, including the narrative bio and list of representative matters, and list EVERY identifiable and NAMED party that is adverse to this attorney\u2019s clients: litigation opponents and transaction counterparties (buyer vs seller, lender vs borrower, landlord vs tenant, licensor vs licensee, insurer vs insured, issuer vs underwriter/investor, etc.). You MUST pull from all sections in the source code - explicit lists of clients, the narrative biography, listed representative matters, or in news articles listed for this attorney, or the titles thereof. In M&A, if the attorney represented the buyer/acquirer, DO NOT list the acquired target as adverse (since it becomes the client); instead list only the selling side (seller, stockholders, founders, or divesting company). If the attorney represented the seller/target, list the buyer/acquirer. Use cues like \u201cto/with/from/against,\u201d \u201csale to/by,\u201d \u201cacquisition from/by,\u201d \u201cmerger with,\u201d \u201cfinanced by/loan to/from/credit facility with.\u201d In the attorney represented the owner or owning entity of a subsidiary/portfolio company (for example in the case of a restructuring or lending transaction), DO NOT list the subsidiary/portfolio company as adverse; Do not list governments/agencies/courts. Only include an adverse party if its name appears verbatim in the source code and clearly identifies a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). If the text does not contain the adverse party's name, do not include it. Output a deduplicated array of exact names; omit unnamed parties and never guess.'\r\n 'affinity_groups' => 'Extract ALL affinity/identity-based organizations the attorney is affiliated with on the page, even if under generic headings like \u201cAssociations,\u201d \u201cMemberships,\u201d \u201cAffiliations,\u201d \u201cCommunities,\u201d or \u201cOrganizations.\u201d Check all sections of the source code. Include all bar or professional association whose name signals an identity/affinity or civil-rights focus (e.g., words like Black/African-American/AAPI/Asian/South Asian/Pacific Islander/Hispanic/Latino/Native/Indigenous/LGBT/LGBTQ/Queer/Women/Gender/Disability/Veteran/Jewish/Muslim/Christian/Hindu/Sikh/Interfaith/Civil Rights/Minority/Diversity/Inclusion). Exclude purely general trade/professional groups without such identity focus. Return a deduplicated array of exact organization names; if none, return empty array.'"]}