[System] Extract the following details from the provided HTML source code. Return only a valid JSON object. Do not include any other text.

[User]
{"html":"\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<picture>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</picture>\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tErik\n\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\tZimmerman\n\t\t\t
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Research Triangle, NC

919.328.8826

EZimmerman@rbh.com
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\nOverviewExperienceAccoladesAffiliationsNews & EventsInsights\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Overview
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Erik Zimmerman helps clients navigate high-stakes appeals and complex disputes. He often joins cases for the first time on appeal and helps his clients overturn unfavorable rulings from the lower courts. Erik also helps his clients develop winning appellate strategies during trial-court litigation.
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Erik is certified by the North Carolina State Bar as a specialist in appellate practice. He has argued appeals in the Fourth Circuit and the North Carolina appellate courts. He has also filed numerous briefs in the U.S. Supreme Court and appellate courts nationwide.
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Erik co-chairs the firmâ€™s Appeals Practice Group and serves on the North Carolina Bar Associationâ€™s Appellate Rules Committee.
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Before joining Robinson Bradshaw, Erik clerked for Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. of the U.S. Supreme Court and Judge J. Harvie Wilkinson III of the Fourth Circuit.
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Experience
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Appeals
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Successfully represented the plaintiffs in the U.S. Supreme Court in Moore v. Harper, a case about the constitutional standards for congressional redistricting.
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As appellate counsel, persuaded the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit to affirm a decision that set aside an $8 million judgment.
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Secured discretionary review from the North Carolina Supreme Court in a high-stakes appeal on the application of medical malpractice statutes to medical practice groups.
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Won an appeal in the North Carolina Supreme Court for a technology company on personal jurisdiction in a business dispute.
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Handles key appeals and constitutional litigation for a statewide health system and a major liability insurer.
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Submits amicus briefs in appellate courts nationwide in cases of importance to the business community.
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Antitrust, Competition & Class Actions
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Represented the largest health care provider in the Carolinas in securing denial of preliminary injunctive relief in an action brought by a public company related to a $100 million anesthesiology contract.
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Successfully argued a motion to dismiss a proposed class action against a large financial institution over its account fees.
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Defended a leading research university in a class action in North Carolina federal court involving an alleged no-hire agreement.
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Defended a large drywall company in multidistrict class action litigation involving antitrust claims brought by direct and indirect purchasers.
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Complex Commercial Litigation
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Served as trial counsel for a major health insurer in a multibillion-dollar bid protest.
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Defended a leading research university in the North Carolina Business Court against claims for breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, and unfair and deceptive trade practices.
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Defended a leading research university in the North Carolina Business Court against claims of research misconduct.
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Represented the plaintiffs in a North Carolina Business Court case involving claims of misappropriation of trade secrets, breach of fiduciary duty and misappropriation of corporate opportunity in the used textile recycling industry. Successfully argued against the defendants' motions to dismiss.
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Accolades
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Honors & Recognitions

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The Best Lawyers in America, commercial litigation, 2021-26; appellate practice, 2023-26; litigation - labor and employment, 2024-26
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Business North Carolina, Legal Elite, appellate, 2019-21, 2023-26; antitrust, 2021
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North Carolina Super Lawyers, appellate, 2021-26; Rising Star, 2018; Top 100 North Carolina Super Lawyer, 2026
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North Carolina Bar Association, William Thorp Pro Bono Service Award, 2023
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Benchmark Litigation, 40 & Under List, 2018-23; Future Star, 2024-25
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Mecklenburg Access to Justice Pro Bono Partners Program, Pro Bono Honor Roll, 2021, 2023
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North Carolina Pro Bono Honor Society, 2016-22, 2024
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Affiliations
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Professional Affiliations

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North Carolina State Bar Board Certified Specialist, Appellate Practice
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U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Class Actions & Arbitration Litigation Advisory Committee, 2020-present
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North Carolina Bar Association, Appellate Practice Section Council, 2018-24; CLE Chair, 2019-21
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North Carolina Bar Association, Appellate Rules Committee, 2017-present
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North Carolina Equal Access to Justice Commission, Triangle Pro Bono Legal Council, 2017-present
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Law360, North Carolina Editorial Advisory Board, 2024
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News & Events
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News
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<time>Feb. 24, 2026</time>Super Lawyers Honors 64 Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys for 2026
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<time>Jan. 5, 2026</time>Business NCâ€™s 2026 Legal Elite Includes 38 Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys
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<time>Dec. 22, 2025</time>Robinson Bradshaw Represents Health Care Providers in Two Appellate Wins
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<time>Oct. 30, 2025</time>Robinson Bradshaw â€œHighly Recommendedâ€� by Benchmark Litigation, 24 Attorneys Honored
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<time>Aug. 21, 2025</time>109 Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys Recognized in 2026 Best Lawyers Report
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<time>Feb. 18, 2025</time>Super Lawyers Profiles Rob Harrington, Recognizes 57 Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys for 2025
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<time>Jan. 2, 2025</time>Business NCâ€™s 2025 Legal Elite Highlights 20 Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys, Matt Sawchak Named Appellate Winner
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<time>Nov. 6, 2024</time>Robinson Bradshaw Files Amicus Brief Asking SCOTUS to Review Class-Certification Issues
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<time>Oct. 22, 2024</time>Robinson Bradshaw â€œHighly Recommendedâ€� by Benchmark Litigation
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<time>Aug. 15, 2024</time>74 Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys Named Best Lawyers, 41 Named Ones to Watch
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<time>May 31, 2024</time>Robinson Bradshaw Litigates Free-Speech Appeal in the Seventh Circuit
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<time>March 25, 2024</time>Rich Worf, Erik Zimmerman Appointed to Law360 Editorial Advisory Board
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<time>Jan. 10, 2024</time>Business NCâ€™s 2024 Legal Elite Includes 23 Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys
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<time>Jan. 8, 2024</time>Super Lawyers Names 58 Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys for 2024
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<time>Dec. 14, 2023</time>Erik Zimmerman Certified as Specialist in Appellate Practice
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<time>Aug. 17, 2023</time>76 Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys Named Best Lawyers, 43 Named Ones to Watch
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<time>June 29, 2023</time>Robinson Bradshaw Secures Fifth Amendment Pro Bono Win at U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
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<time>June 27, 2023</time>U.S. Supreme Court Rules in Favor of Robinson Bradshaw Clients in Major Election-Law Case
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<time>June 26, 2023</time>Erik Zimmerman Receives NCBA's Thorp Pro Bono Service Award
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<time>June 7, 2023</time>Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys Named to 2022 Pro Bono Honor Society
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<time>Jan. 20, 2023</time>Super Lawyers Recognizes 56 Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys for 2023
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<time>Jan. 12, 2023</time>Business NCâ€™s Legal Elite Includes 38 Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys
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<time>Dec. 10, 2022</time>Law360 Covers Robinson Bradshaw Brief in Religious Discrimination Case
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<time>Oct. 27, 2022</time>Robinson Bradshaw â€œHighly Recommendedâ€� by Benchmark Litigation, 20 Attorneys Recognized
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<time>Oct. 21, 2022</time>Robinson Bradshaw Lawyers in Major Supreme Court Case
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<time>Aug. 23, 2022</time>78 Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys Named Best Lawyers, 42 Named Ones to Watch
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<time>Aug. 4, 2022</time>Four Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys Named to Benchmark Litigationâ€™s 40 & Under List
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<time>July 29, 2022</time>Robinson Bradshaw Files Brief Supporting the Constitutional Right to Education
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<time>May 17, 2022</time>Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys Named to 2021 Pro Bono Honor Society
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<time>Jan. 14, 2022</time>Super Lawyers Recognizes 43 Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys for 2022
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<time>Oct. 12, 2021</time>Robinson Bradshaw â€œHighly Recommendedâ€� by Benchmark Litigation, 18 Attorneys Recognized
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<time>Aug. 26, 2021</time>79 Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys Named Best Lawyers, 13 Named Ones to Watch
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<time>June 24, 2021</time>Erik Zimmerman Honored with 40 Under 40 Award
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<time>May 11, 2021</time>Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys Named to 2020 Pro Bono Honor Society
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<time>April 9, 2021</time>NC Lawyers Weekly Covers Tenant Win in State Supreme Court
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<time>April 5, 2021</time>Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys Named to 2021 Pro Bono Honor Roll
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<time>March 15, 2021</time>Robinson Bradshaw Wins in N.C. Supreme Court for Pro Bono Tenant
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<time>March 3, 2021</time>Robinson Bradshaw Petitions U.S. Supreme Court in First Amendment Case
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<time>Feb. 3, 2021</time>Erik Zimmerman Discusses Experience with NC Appellate Pro Bono Program
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<time>Jan. 15, 2021</time>Super Lawyers 2021 Recognizes 47 Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys
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<time>Jan. 4, 2021</time>Business NCâ€™s Legal Elite 2021 Honors 16 Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys
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<time>Dec. 16, 2020</time>Robinson Bradshaw \"Highly Recommended\" by Benchmark Litigation, 17 Attorneys Recognized
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<time>Dec. 9, 2020</time>Robinson Bradshaw Represents Legislative Black Caucus as Amicus in NC Supreme Court
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<time>Dec. 3, 2020</time>Charlotte Observer Covers Updates in COVID-19 Relief Lawsuit
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<time>Nov. 19, 2020</time>Robinson Bradshaw Secures Extension of COVID-19 Relief Deadline
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<time>Nov. 5, 2020</time>Charlotte Observer Covers COVID-19 Relief Lawsuit
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<time>Oct. 29, 2020</time>Robinson Bradshaw Challenges Exclusion of Low-Income Families from State Coronavirus Relief Payments
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<time>Sept. 11, 2020</time>The Washington Post Quotes Robinson Bradshaw Brief on Voter Discrimination
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<time>Aug. 28, 2020</time>Erik Zimmerman Named to Benchmark Litigationâ€™s 40 & Under Hot List
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<time>Aug. 20, 2020</time>77 Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys Named Best Lawyers, 12 Named Lawyers of the Year
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<time>July 23, 2020</time>Robinson Bradshaw Files Amicus Brief for N.C. Governor in Voter ID Case
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<time>June 12, 2020</time>Erik Zimmerman Discusses Precedential Verdict With N.C. Lawyers Weekly
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<time>June 3, 2020</time>Robinson Bradshaw Helps Set Precedent in Domestic Violence Case
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<time>May 20, 2020</time>Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys Named to 2019 Pro Bono Honor Society
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<time>May 5, 2020</time>N.C. Supreme Court Grants Petition in Pro Bono Tenant Dispute
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<time>Jan. 3, 2020</time>Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys Named to 2020 Legal Elite
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<time>Oct. 23, 2019</time>Robinson Bradshaw Petitions N.C. Supreme Court in Pro Bono Tenant Dispute
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<time>Oct. 17, 2019</time>Robinson Bradshaw Tops Benchmark Litigation's N.C. Rankings for Decade Straight
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<time>Sept. 4, 2019</time>N.C. Court Strikes Down Partisan Gerrymandering
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<time>Sept. 3, 2019</time>Robinson Bradshaw Secures Dismissal for Atrium Health
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<time>Aug. 7, 2019</time>Robinson Bradshaw Represents Former Governors as Amici in Partisan Gerrymandering Case
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<time>Aug. 5, 2019</time>Robinson Bradshaw Litigators Recognized on Benchmark's 40 & Under Hot List
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<time>July 17, 2019</time>Robinson Bradshaw Represents Legislative Black Caucus in Amicus Brief
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<time>April 23, 2019</time>Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys Named to 2018 Pro Bono Honor Society
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<time>March 12, 2019</time>Robinson Bradshaw Files SCOTUS Amicus Brief on Important Voting Rights Issue
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<time>March 1, 2019</time>Law360 Covers Robinson Bradshaw's Amicus Brief in Tax Dispute
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<time>Jan. 2, 2019</time>Twenty Robinson Bradshaw Attorneys Named 2019 Legal Elite
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Events
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<time>May 7, 2026</time>Highlights of the Ongoing U.S. Supreme Court TermRegister Now
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<time>Oct. 14, 2025</time>Preview of the New U.S. Supreme Court Term
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<time>March 4, 2025</time>SCOTUS: Behind the Curtain
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<time>Sept. 17, 2024</time>SCOTUS: Behind the Curtain
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<time>March 19, 2024</time>Highlights of the Ongoing U.S. Supreme Court Term
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<time>March 31, 2023</time>Effective Amicus Advocacy
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<time>Jan. 26, 2023</time>Highlights of the Ongoing U.S. Supreme Court Term
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<time>Sept. 15, 2022</time>Best Appellate Practices Panel
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June 3-4, 2021Effective Appellate Litigation: Improving Your Practice in State and Federal Courts of Appeals
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Insights
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Publications
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<time>June 6, 2025</time>Class Actions Brief BlogUpdate: Supreme Court Dismisses Appeal on Whether a Class Can Contain Members Who Lack an Article III Injury
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<time>May 5, 2025</time>Class Actions Brief BlogUpdate: Supreme Court Might Still Not Decide Whether a Class Can Contain Individuals Who Lack Any Article III Injury
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<time>April 1, 2024</time>Class Actions Brief BlogDisappointments and Silver Linings in North Carolina Class-Action Law
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<time>Dec. 5, 2022</time>Class Actions Brief BlogThe Dangers of Watering Down Class-Certification Standards in Fraud Cases
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<time>July 6, 2021</time>Class Actions Brief BlogWhen can class members recover for non-traditional harms?
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<time>March 29, 2018</time>Robinson Bradshaw PublicationFTC Provides Guidance on Sharing Information in Merger Negotiations
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<time>March 2016</time>Per Curiam, NCBA Appellate Section NewsletterThe Hidden Risks and Benefits of Requesting a Stay Pending Appeal
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Fall 2015The Appellate QuarterlyD.C. Circuit Considers Certification Question
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2015109 Northwestern University Law Review 285Supplemental Standing for Severability
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<button>Practice Areas</button>
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Antitrust & Competition
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Appeals
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Class Actions
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Education
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Government Litigation
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Health Care
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Intellectual Property & Technology
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Litigation
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North Carolina Business Court
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<button>Education</button>

Stanford University, J.D., with distinction, 2007, Order of the Coif; Articles Editor, Stanford Law Review, 2006-07
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Harvard College, B.A., summa cum laude, 2004, Phi Beta Kappa; Detur Prize; John Harvard Scholarship

<button>Bar Admissions</button>

North CarolinaÂ

<button>Clerkships</button>

Law Clerk, The Honorable John G. Roberts Jr., Chief Justice, Supreme Court of the United States, 2009-10
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Law Clerk, The Honorable J. Harvie Wilkinson III, U.S. Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit, 2008-09

\n\t\t\tJump to Page\nbalustrade37\n","instructions":["'first_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s first name.',\r\n'middle_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s middle name or middle initial, as it is presented. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'surname' => 'Extract the attorney\u2019s last name or family name',\r\n'email' => 'Extract a valid email address for the profiled attorney. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'title' => 'Extract the profiled attorney\\'s job title. Ensure it is properly capitalized.The attorney can have multiple titles, in which case list them all as an array. If no title is found, return an empty array.',\r\n'location' => 'Extract the office name or city name in which this attorney works, as it is listed. The attorney may work out of two offices, in which case both should be listed. List them as an array. Do not include prior locations that may be mentioned as where the attorney may have worked in the past.',\r\n'direct_phone_no_1' => 'Extract the direct office phone number listed for this attorney. If multiple phone numbers are listed, select the one that is their direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number. If the attorney works out of two offices and has a direct line for each office, list the first here. If a direct line is unavailable, but a main or central office number is listed with an extension, list that number followed by EXT and the extension number',\r\n'direct_phone_no_2' => 'Extract the second direct office phone number listed for this attorney, if it exists. If multiple direct phone numbers are listed because the attorney works out of two office, select the second number \u2013 not the one listed in the prior item. Select only a number that is the attorney\u2019s direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number.',\r\n'image_url' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s image file',\r\n'linkedIn' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s LinkedIn profile, if it is listed. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'narrative_description' => 'Extract and combine all sections that provide a narrative overview of the attorney\u2019s biography and general work experience. Do not paraphrase, summarize, or omit information. Include the Biography/Bio section(s) and also include any Experience section that contains narrative descriptions of work (including sections structured as practice-area headings followed by descriptive paragraphs, e.g., \"Aging Services\" + paragraph text, \"Dental\" + paragraph text, etc.). Preserve headings and the order of content as it appears; you may convert embedded highlights into bullet points only if it helps preserve (not reduce) the information. EXCLUDE: any section (or subsection) that exclusively lists specific representative matters / representative experience items (typically a list of discrete matters, case captions like \"X v. Y\", deal/transaction bullet points, dated entries, courts/dockets, or similar itemized matter lists). If an Experience (or other) section contains BOTH narrative description AND a separate list of specific matters, include the narrative paragraphs/headings but omit the itemized matter list. Return the combined narrative text only. If no narrative bio or general-experience narrative exists, return an empty string.',\r\n'representative_matters' => 'Extract ALL representative matters (such as litigation cases, verdicts, transactions, or deals) that are listed as well any available descriptions of them, in both specified lists of representative matters, experience, and work highlights, as well as in the biographical text and list of news articles. If news articles for this attorney identify cases or transactions that can be inferred to be the work product of this attorney, include those matters as well. List the representative matters and their available descriptions as an array. Only pull from the text and do not paraphrase or make anything up. If no representative matters are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'news' => 'Extract news items ABOUT this attorney (not authored by them): e.g., firm/industry press releases, announcements, awards, rankings, deal/case results naming them, media coverage quoting or profiling them. List each item as \"Title (URL)\". If a \u201cNews\u201d section mixes authored content, include ONLY items that are clearly about the attorney or the firm, not implied to be authored by the attorney. Add base domain to relative links. Return an empty array [] if none.',\r\n'practice_areas' => 'Extract all the practice areas (aka departments, specialties, capabilities, services areas, areas of focus, etc.), if any, that are listed as ones that this attorney specializes in. Return them as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school' => 'Extract the law school attorney attended. This is for their primary law degree, usually a JD, LLB, or, in the absence of those, the earliest LLM listed or the institution where they received an undergraduate law degree. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which the attorney received their degree from the law school above (what year did they graduate?) If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_honors' => 'Extract all honors this attorney received in or during law school. You must review all education and credentials sections that list their law degree AND ALSO the narrative bio, as well as all other sectiosn. These honors include: latin honors (cum laude, summa cum laude, magna cum laude); school specific honors (e.g. James Kent Scholars at Columbia Law); regular honors designations (e.g. Dean\u2019s List, High Honors, etc.); Order of the Coif; course prizes (such as book awards, CALI Awards, American Jurisprudence Awards, or course awards); membership in phi kappa phi; scholarships and fellowships; moot court awards; trial advocacy awards; best oralis; brief-writing honors or other writing honors; pro bono or service distinctions; commencement prizes and medals; or other types of academic law school honors (but list them specifically - do not list them as \"other honors\". Return this entire extracted list of specific honors as an array. If no honors are found, return an empty array.',   \r\n'law_journals' =>' Extract any law reviews or law journals listed for the attorney's time in law school. Also list if the attorney had any titles in such law reviews or journals, like Articles Editor for example. Return this entire extracted list of law reviews and journals, and associated titles, as an array. If no law reviews or journals are found, return an empty array.'\r\n'undergraduate_school' => 'Extract the attorney\\'s undergraduate degree-granting school, college, university, or institution. This is probably the institution from where they received a bachelors degree. If their undergraduate degree was an LLB listed for their law school above, return an empty string. If no undergraduate schools are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which attorney received their undergraduate degree from the undergraduate school above. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_specialty' => 'Extract the specialties or majors that are listed for the undergraduate degree (e.g. economics, computer science, etc.) This does not include degree type, like B.S., Bachelor of Arts or Science degree, etc. List the specialties or majors as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_school' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, Extract the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_subject' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, list the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Masters_degree_school' => 'If this attorney has a masters degree, extract the educational institution from which they received it. But do not list schools from which the attorney received an LL.M. degree or a masters in law. If no masters degree schools are found, return an empty string. ',\r\n'Masters_degree_subject' => 'If the attorney has a masters degree, extract the subject or area of study of the masters. The subject area may be in the degree itself, such as an M.Div, which is a masters in Divinity. But do not include subjects for LL.M. degrees or masters in law degrees. DO NOT include honors or latin honors (e.g. cum laude, summa cum laude) in your answer. List subjects as array. If no masters degree subjects are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MBA_School' => 'If the attorney has a Masters in Business Administration, extract the name of the business school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MD_school' => 'If the attorney has an MD (Doctor of Medicine) or DO (Doctor of Osteopathy) degree, extract the name of the medical school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'llm_in_tax_law_school' =>  'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, specializing in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Other_LLM_school' => 'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, but not one that specializes in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'bar_and_court_admissions' => 'Extract EVERY explicit admission to practice (bar + court/agency) anywhere in the page. Include bar jurisdictions (states/provinces/territories/countries) and court/agency admissions (e.g., U.S. Supreme Court, Courts of Appeals with circuit, District/Bankruptcy/Tax/Federal Claims courts with district, USPTO, tribal/military/foreign courts). For UK attorneys, specify whether they are a solicitor, barrister, advocate, or any combination if available; for Canada, specify the province or territory; for Australia, specify the state or territory and whether they are admitted as a solicitor or barrister. Pull items under headings like \u201cAdmissions,\u201d \u201cBar Admissions,\u201d \u201cCourt Admissions,\u201d or similar, and treat each
 or clearly separated entry as one item. Do not infer from memberships/education. Exclude governments as parties, and strip years and dates. Output a deduplicated array of exact admission strings; if none, return []. ',\r\n'Clerkships' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, DO NOT include it in your answer. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Clerkships_with_judge' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, include it in parentheses after the court name, and if no judge is named, return only the court. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that lack judge names or that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Memberships' => 'Extract any organizations the attorney a member of. List them as an array, with the attorney's role if available. If no memberships or organizations are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'clients' => 'Extract the attorney's clients that are explicitly NAMED in the source code. You MUST review EVERY section (including explicit client lists, narrative biography, representative matters, experience, and news articles/titles) and then MERGE the results; do not stop after finding clients in any one section. If a list of representative matters or experience is present, extract NAMED clients from this list, and ignore any clients who are described in the list but who are not explicitly named in the list. Only include a client from the list of representative matters/experience or any other section if its name appears verbatim in the list and if the list clearly identifies the client as a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). As an overarching rule, if the client is not identified by a proper name, do not include it. When pulling clients from lists of representative matters/experience and news articles, include clients which are named and which are implied to be represented by this attorney, their team or firm, and exclude parties adverse to such clients, opposing such clients, or on the other side of a case, deal or transaction from such clients. For example, if the representative matter/experience or news article's title mentions a lending transaction with both the lender and borrower, and the attorney or their team or firm represented the lender, do not list the borrower. If a litigation case is listed, do not assume that the lawyer represented the plaintiff. Use context or other language in the text to determine which party was represented by the attorney. If a matter lists the government as one party, assume the attorney represented the other named party and include that party if it is specifically named and not anonymous. As another example, if the representative matter/experience is a litigation case, and it is written that the attorney represented the defense (or \"defended\" his client), extract the defendant named in the case title. List all named clients as a deduplicated array of NAMES copied directly from the source text. Omit unnamed parties and anonymous parties and never guess identities. If no named clients are explicitly named anywhere in the source code, return an empty string.',\r\n'industries' => 'Extract ONLY industries/industry sectors or client-type categories explicitly named in the source code (especially, but not exclusively, under headings like \u201cIndustries,\u201d \u201cPractices & Industries,\u201d or in /industries/ links). Include items like \u201cSports,\u201d \u201cHealthcare & Life Sciences,\u201d \u201cTechnology,\u201d \u201cInfrastructure,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity,\u201d etc. EXCLUDE practice areas, services, or deal/matter types (e.g., \u201cMergers & Acquisitions,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity M&A,\u201d \u201cacquisitions,\u201d \u201cinvestments,\u201d \u201cdivestitures,\u201d \u201cjoint ventures,\u201d \u201cfinancing,\u201d \u201crestructurings\u201d). Return a deduplicated array of industry/client-type names as written. If none are explicitly named, return empty array.',\r\n'languages' => 'Extract the languages in which the attorney is fluent. List them as an array.',\r\n'Accolades' => 'Extract any accolades, awards, or other special recognitions this attorney has received, such as rankings in Chambers guides (like Chambers & Partners, Chambers Gobal, or Chambers Asia-Pacific), the Legal500 list, and SuperLawyers, among others. The accolades should be specific to this attorney or their work, not generalized to their practice or their firm. List these accolades as an array. If no accolades are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'pro_bono_activities' => 'Extract the attorney's pro bono, community service, and volunteer activities, as well as any non-profit, ngo, community service organizations the attorney may be involved with. If a description of the work is provided, include that. List them as an array',\r\n'thought_leadership' => 'Extract ALL professional thought leadership attributed to this attorney in their narrative bio and in all \"Insights,\" \"Publications,\" \"Events,\" and similar sections. This includes all items with their authorship/co-authorship/speaking/hosting credit/(byline \u201cauthor,\u201d \"co-author,\" \u201cpresenter,\u201d \u201cspeaker,\u201d \u201cpanelist,\u201d \u201cwebinar,\u201d \u201cpodcast,\u201d \u201cblog,\u201d \u201carticle,\u201d \u201cpublication,\u201d \u201cchapter,\u201d \u201cCLE,\u201d etc.). This also includes any items that do not include their byline or credit, but which are implied to involve the attorney (for example, by being listed in a section on their profile for \"Insights,\" \"Podcasts,\" \"Events,\" \"Media,\" \"Thought Leadership,\" \"Webinars, etc.). If a \u201cNews\u201d or \u201cInsights\u201d section mixes third party news ABOUT this attorney, include only items implied to the attorney as creator/presenter. List each as \"Title (URL)\" when a link is present, otherwise just the title. Add base domain to relative links. Also include the publication, event/program, and date after the title if these are available. Return [] if none.'\r\n'adverse_parties' => 'Review all the source code, including the narrative bio and list of representative matters, and list EVERY identifiable and NAMED party that is adverse to this attorney\u2019s clients: litigation opponents and transaction counterparties (buyer vs seller, lender vs borrower, landlord vs tenant, licensor vs licensee, insurer vs insured, issuer vs underwriter/investor, etc.). You MUST pull from all sections in the source code - explicit lists of clients, the narrative biography, listed representative matters, or in news articles listed for this attorney, or the titles thereof. In M&A, if the attorney represented the buyer/acquirer, DO NOT list the acquired target as adverse (since it becomes the client); instead list only the selling side (seller, stockholders, founders, or divesting company). If the attorney represented the seller/target, list the buyer/acquirer. Use cues like \u201cto/with/from/against,\u201d \u201csale to/by,\u201d \u201cacquisition from/by,\u201d \u201cmerger with,\u201d \u201cfinanced by/loan to/from/credit facility with.\u201d In the attorney represented the owner or owning entity of a subsidiary/portfolio company (for example in the case of a restructuring or lending transaction), DO NOT list the subsidiary/portfolio company as adverse; Do not list governments/agencies/courts. Only include an adverse party if its name appears verbatim in the source code and clearly identifies a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). If the text does not contain the adverse party's name, do not include it. Output a deduplicated array of exact names; omit unnamed parties and never guess.'\r\n 'affinity_groups' => 'Extract ALL affinity/identity-based organizations the attorney is affiliated with on the page, even if under generic headings like \u201cAssociations,\u201d \u201cMemberships,\u201d \u201cAffiliations,\u201d \u201cCommunities,\u201d or \u201cOrganizations.\u201d Check all sections of the source code. Include all bar or professional association whose name signals an identity/affinity or civil-rights focus (e.g., words like Black/African-American/AAPI/Asian/South Asian/Pacific Islander/Hispanic/Latino/Native/Indigenous/LGBT/LGBTQ/Queer/Women/Gender/Disability/Veteran/Jewish/Muslim/Christian/Hindu/Sikh/Interfaith/Civil Rights/Minority/Diversity/Inclusion). Exclude purely general trade/professional groups without such identity focus. Return a deduplicated array of exact organization names; if none, return empty array.'"]}


[System] Extract the following details from the provided HTML source code. Return only a valid JSON object. Do not include any other text.

[User]
{"html":"

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Laurel Gilbert Rogowski
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PartnerBoston
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617-378-4160

lrogowski@hinckleyallen.com

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As a Partner in our Litigation Group, Laurelâ€™s practice is focused on intellectual property litigation. Her experience includes representing clients in disputes involving trademarks, copyright, patents, trade secrets, and unfair competition, as well as a wide range of commercial disputes, including partnership and contract disputes, business torts, cybersecurity and data privacy disputes, and product liability and premises litigation. Laurel is experienced in all phases of litigation, including trial and appeal.
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Before joining Hinckley Allen, Laurel worked as a Law Clerk for the Honorable Mae A. Dâ€™Agostino, U.S. District Court, Northern District of New York in Albany. Laurel was an attorney at Oâ€™Neill & Neylon prior to working as a Law Clerk. She received her J.D. from the University of San Diego School of Law and her B.S. in Marketing and B.A. in Communication from the University of Maryland.
\n                    <button>Experience</button>\n
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Successfully negotiated settlement in case of non-payment due to a business email compromise incident. Demonstrated that even though our clientâ€™s systems were hacked, they had reasonable measures in place to prevent hacking.
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Prevailed in defense of a patent infringement action for Lacerta which alleged infringement of five patents for tamper-evident and tamper-resistant plastic food containers. After a 13-day trial, the jury found that Lacerta did not infringe any of the patents and invalidated all 28 asserted claims across the five patents owned by Inline.
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Obtained multi-million damages and sanctions award against Singapore company that unlawfully terminated IT companyâ€™s access to software platform required to process compensation for nationwide sales force.
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Won summary judgment in favor of commercial real estate company in lawsuit by former limited partner alleging breach of contract and fiduciary duties in Massachusetts federal court.
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Represented a manufacturer of medical devices accused of patent infringement, copyright infringement, and trade secret misappropriation. Successfully disposed of the copyright claims pre-trial and prevailed on the patent infringement claims mid-trial.Â  The remaining trade secret claims were tried to a jury, resulting in a favorable outcome.
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\n                    <button>Credentials</button>\n
Work Experience
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Hinckley Allen
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Partner (2022-Present)
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Associate (2015-2021)
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The Hon. Mae A. D'Agostino, U.S. District Court, Northern District of New York
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Law Clerk (2014-2015)
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O'Neill & Neylon
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Paralegal/Attorney (2013-2014)
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The Hon. M. Margaret McKeown, Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
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Judicial Extern (2013)
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U.S. Department of Justice
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Legal Intern, Public Integrity Section (2012)
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California Attorney General's Office
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Certified Legal Intern, Correction Writs & Appeals Section (2012)
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San Diego County Primary Public Defender
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Legal Intern (2011)
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Formula Public Relations
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Assistant Account Executive (2008-2010)
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Honors & Awards
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\n                            Best LawyersÂ® Ones to Watch (2025)
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Litigation â€“ Labor and Employment

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\n                            Boston Magazine, Top Lawyers (2022-2025)
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Intellectual Property Rights

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\n                            Super Lawyers, Massachusetts: Rising Stars (2020-2025)
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Intellectual Property Litigation

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\n                            Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly, Excellence in the Law \"Up & Coming Lawyer\" (2021)
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\n                            New Hampshire Association for Justice, Granite State Advocate Award (2021)
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Charitable & Civic Involvement
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\n                            Big Sister Association of Greater Boston
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Young Professionals Board (2018-2021)

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Professional Affiliations
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\n                            Boston Intellectual Property Law Association
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Bar Memberships
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\n                            United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
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\n                    <button>Newsroom\n                  </button>\n                           Publication\n
AI Platforms and the Risk of Privilege Waiver: Critical Lessons from United States v. Heppner
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A recent decision out of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, United States v. Heppner, No. 25 Cr. 503 (JSR) (S. D. N. Y. Feb. 17, 2026), has significant implications for clients who access publicly available artifiâ€¦
                          \n                           Publication\n
Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly: Judge voids packaging patents over inequitable conduct
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Craig M. Scott and Laurel Gilbert Rogowski, partners in the Intellectual Property Group, recently spoke with Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly about the impact of the decision in the Inline Plastics Corp. v. Lacerta Group, Inc. , in which they â€¦
                          \n                           Publication\n
Industry Today: AI Training Data â€” The Copyright Controversy
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As generative artificial intelligence (â€œAIâ€�) becomes more widespread, itâ€™s also generating controversyâ€”especially in courtrooms. A wave of high-stakes litigation is unfolding around whether and how AI platforms infringe on copyrights by using proteâ€¦
                          \n                           Publication\n
Massachusettsâ€™ Highest Court Issues Landmark Decision Dismissing Wiretap Class Action Based Upon Website Tracking Tools
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In a long-awaited decision affecting the scope of privacy protections in Massachusetts, on October 24, 2024, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (â€œSJCâ€�) held that collecting and transmitting user browsing activities, through tracking software suchâ€¦
                          \n                           Publication\n
Video: Securing Your Innovations: Success in Intellectual Property Litigation
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When it comes to intellectual property litigation, a companyâ€™s IP is at stake, but also its reputation. At the onset of a case, we work with clients to assess whether or not litigation is the right course of action based on the strength of the IP being aâ€¦
                          \n                           Publication\n
The Growing Threat of Business Email Compromise to Public and Private Construction Projects
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All companies are under increasing threat of cybercrime, especially as it relates to making payments to others. In particular, business email compromise, in which a malicious party targets a business performing a transfer of funds in order to defraud the câ€¦
                          \n                           Publication\n
Future-Proofing Your IP: Non-Compete Alternatives for Protecting Intellectual Property
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For decades, the regulation of non-compete agreements was left up to individual states, which were free to develop their own laws governing their use. Recently, however, the Federal Trade Commission (â€œFTCâ€�) has moved to effectively eradicate non-competâ€¦
                          \n                           Publication\n
The Art of Storytelling: A Conversation with Laurel M. Gilbert
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Thereâ€™s a reason that Law and Order has been on the air for decades - trials can provide fascinating stories. While not every case contains TV-worthy drama, the process of trying a case in court calls for crafting a compelling narrative that both educateâ€¦
                          \n                           Publication\n
Judge Vacates $6.5M Trade Secrets Verdict, Awards New Trial
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Our veteran Litigation group, successfully overturned a $6. 5 million trade secrets verdict on behalf of our client, ALCOR Scientific. Â  After years of litigation and a three-week trial, our lawyers prevailed against all patent and copyright infringement coâ€¦
                          \n                           Publication\n
2019 Real Estate Tax Abatement Process
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Tax abatement season is here, with some fast approaching filing deadlines in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. If you have not already done so, now is the time for property owners to review their real estate tax assessments to deâ€¦
                          \n                           Publication\n
2018 Real Estate Tax Abatement Process
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Tax abatement season is here, with some fast approaching filing deadlines in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. If you have not already done so, now is the time for property owners to review their real estate tax assessments to deâ€¦
                          \n                           Publication\n
Federal Court Blocks New Department of Labor Overtime Regulations
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On November 22, 2016, a federal district court in Texas issued a nationwide preliminary injunction blocking the new DOL overtime regulations that were set to take effect on December 1st of this year. And while this fight is far from over, it does effectiveâ€¦
                          \n                                                  Show More Publications\n                            Firm News\n
Boston Magazine Recognizes 26 Hinckley Allen Attorneys in 2025 Top Lawyers List
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Hinckley Allen is proud to announce that 26 of its attorneys have been named to Boston Magazineâ€™s 2025 Top Lawyers list, representing a broad range of its practice groups. This year, six Hinckley Allen attorneys are newly recognized among the puâ€¦
                          \n                            Firm News\n
Hinckley Allen Earns Wide Recognition Across Six States in 2025 Super LawyersÂ® and Rising Star Listings
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More than 60 Hinckley Allen attorneys have been recognized in the 2025 Super LawyersÂ® and Rising Stars lists across our Connecticut, Florida, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Upstate New York offices. The honorees include both newly selecteâ€¦
                          \n                            Firm News\n
Twenty Hinckley Allen Attorneys Honored Among Boston Magazineâ€™s Top Lawyers
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At Hinckley Allen, our attorneys are consistently recognized by their peers and respected industry groups for their exceptional skill, dedication to their clients, and leadership within the legal profession. We are proud to announce that several of our attâ€¦
                          \n                            Firm News\n
Hinckley Allenâ€™s Widespread Recognition in the 2024 Super Lawyers and Rising Stars Lists
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More than 60 Hinckley Allen attorneys were named to the Super LawyersÂ® and Rising Stars lists in Connecticut, Florida, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Upstate New York for 2024, including those newly recognized and featured in theâ€¦
                          \n                            Firm News\n
Hinckley Allen Attorneys Shine in 2025 Edition of Best LawyersÂ®
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Hinckley Allen is pleased to announce that over 100 attorneys are recognized in the 2025 edition of Best Lawyers in AmericaÂ®, including 14 â€œLawyers of the Yearâ€� and 41 â€œOnes to Watch. â€� This recognition, marking the largest group of attorneys honorâ€¦
                          \n                            Firm News\n
Hinckley Allenâ€™s Legal Excellence Recognized by Boston Magazine
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Hinckley Allen is pleased to announce that numerous attorneys have been recognized by Boston Magazine, earning the prestigious title of \"The Top Lawyers of 2023. \" This annual accolade, initiated in 2021, is designed to highlight outstanding legal talent inâ€¦
                          \n                            Firm News\n
57 Hinckley Allen Lawyers Included in 2023 Super Lawyers and Rising Stars Lists
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A total of 57 Hinckley Allen attorneys were named to the Super LawyersÂ® and Rising Stars lists in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Upstate New York for 2023, including those newly recognized as well as featured in Top â€¦
                          \n                            Firm News\n
Boston Magazine Recognizes Several Hinckley Allen Attorneys as â€œTop Lawyers of 2022â€�
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Hinckley Allen is proud to announce that several attorneys from the firm have been recognized by Boston Magazine as â€œThe Top Lawyers of 2022. â€� Boston Magazine began compiling this list last year as a way to showcase the regionâ€™s finest legal minds. Aâ€¦
                          \n                            Firm News\n
41 Hinckley Allen Attorneys Recognized as 2022 Super Lawyers and Rising Stars
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Hinckley Allen is pleased to announce that Super LawyersÂ® has selected 41 Hinckley Allen attorneys as 2022 Super Lawyers and Rising Stars. Each year, no more than five percent of the lawyers in the state are selected by the research team at Sâ€¦
                          \n                            Firm News\n
Hinckley Allen Elevates Ten Attorneys to Partner
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Hinckley Allen announced today that ten attorneys at the firm have been elevated to Partner. They are: Chad J. Caplan, Christine E. Dieter, Laurel M. Gilbert, Thomas W. Madonna, Jr. , Elizabeth J. McEvoy, Alexander P. Montgomery, Libbie Howley O'Keeffe, Damiâ€¦
                          \n                            Firm News\n
34 Hinckley Allen Attorneys Recognized as 2021 Super Lawyers and Rising Stars
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Hinckley Allen is pleased to announce thatÂ Super Lawyers has selected 34 Hinckley Allen attorneys as Super Lawyers and Rising Stars. Each year, no more than five percent of the lawyers in the state are selected by the research team at Super Lâ€¦
                          \n                            Firm News\n
Hinckley Allen Attorney Laurel M. Gilbert Recognized with the 2021 Excellence in the Law Award
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Hinckley Allen is pleased to announce that Laurel M. Gilbert has been selected to receive the Excellence in Law Award in the â€œUp & Coming Lawyersâ€� category. Presented by Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly, the Excellence in the Law Awards honors the veryâ€¦
                          \n                            Firm News\n
29 Hinckley Allen Attorneys Recognized as 2020 Super Lawyers and Rising Stars
\n
Hinckley Allen is pleased to announce thatÂ Super Lawyers has selected 29 Hinckley Allen attorneys as Super Lawyers and Rising Stars. Each year, no more than five percent of the lawyers in the state are selected by the research team at Super Lâ€¦
                          \n                            Firm News\n
Hinckley Allen Client ALCOR Scientific Prevails in Defense of Patent and Copyright Infringement and Trade Secret Misappropriation Claims
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Hinckley Allen client, ALCOR Scientific Inc. , has defeated long-pending patent and copyright infringement and trade secret misappropriation claims relating to ALCORâ€™s diagnostic medical instruments. Â After years of litigation and a three week trial, ALCâ€¦
                          \n                                                                          Show More Firm News\n                            Case Study\n
Judge Rules Inline Plasticsâ€™ Patents Unenforceable for Inequitable Conduct
\n
Hinckley Allen is pleased to announce another significant victory for its client, Lacerta Group, Inc. , in its long-running patent dispute with Inline Plastics Corp. , following a recent ruling from the U. S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Fâ€¦
                          \n                            Case Study\n
Hinckley Allen Successfully Reaches Agreement in Business Email Compromise Case
\n
Over the course of a long-term construction project, a contractor and property tenant fell victim to a hacker, resulting in payments diverted from the tenant to the hacker, instead of to the contractor. Hinckley Allen represented the contractor who sued thâ€¦
                          \n                            Case Study\n
Hinckley Allen Client Lacerta Group Wins Patent Trial
\n
Hinckley Allen client Lacerta Group prevailed in defense of a patent infringement action brought by Inline Plastics Corp. , which alleged infringement of five patents for tamper-evident and tamper-resistant plastic food containers. After a 13-day trial, theâ€¦
                          \n                                                                          Show More Case Studies\n                      <button>Events</button>\n                            Upcoming Event \n
International Trademark Association North America Roundtable: A Journey of a Dupe - Crossing the Line from Dupe to Counterfeit
\n                            April 13, 2026
Hinckley Allen is proud to host the International Trademark Associationâ€™s (INTA) North America Roundtable, A Journey of a Dupe: Crossing the Line from Dupe to Counterfeit, at our Boston office. Featured speakers from Hinckley Allenâ€™s Intellectâ€¦
                          \n                            Past Event \n
WEBINAR: The Increasing Threat of Business Email Compromise Attacks
\n                            October 24, 2023
An esteemed panel of Hinckley Allen attorneys have teamed up with Matthew Greenberg, former Chief Division Counsel of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and current Senior Lead Cybersecurity Counsel at Wells Fargo, to address important developments â€¦
                          \n                            Past Event \n
Connecticut Labor & Employment Roundtable 2018
\n                            January 10, 2018
Join us to discuss the changing landscape and latest legislation changes affecting Connecticut businesses and individuals. Bring your questions for our panelists! MCLE approved. CLE credit will be made available.
                          \n                            Past Event \n
Labor, Employment & Employee Benefits Law Seminar
\n                            October 12, 2017
Join us at our Labor, Employment & Employee Benefits Law Seminar. Update your knowledge on a number of important issues and recent legislation in the ever-expanding area of law.
                          \n                            Past Event \n
Human Resource Law: Safeguard Employers and Maximize Legal Protections
\n                            July 12, 2017
Hinckley Allen Associate Laurel M. Gilbert will be presenting at the National Business Institute's (NBI) Human Resource Law Seminar: \"Safeguard Employers and Maximize Legal Protections. \" Laurel will provide practice tips on Employee Handbooks and Policies,â€¦
                          \n                            Past Event \n
Labor, Employment & Employee Benefits Law Seminar
\n                            May 4, 2017
Don't miss out on the opportunity to update your knowledge on a number of important issues and recent legislation in the ever-expanding area of employment & labor law. Registration and Continental Breakfast: 8:00 a. m. - 8:30 a. m. Seminar: 8:30 a. m. -â€¦
                          \n                                                                          Show More Events\n
Practices
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Litigation
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Intellectual Property Litigation
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Intellectual Property
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Cybersecurity, Privacy & Data Protection
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Complex Commercial Litigation
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Artificial Intelligence (AI)
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Education
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University of San Diego School of Law, J.D., 2013
                  \t
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magna cum laude
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University of Maryland, B.S., 2008
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cum laude
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Marketing & Communications
\n

\n","instructions":["'first_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s first name.',\r\n'middle_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s middle name or middle initial, as it is presented. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'surname' => 'Extract the attorney\u2019s last name or family name',\r\n'email' => 'Extract a valid email address for the profiled attorney. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'title' => 'Extract the profiled attorney\\'s job title. Ensure it is properly capitalized.The attorney can have multiple titles, in which case list them all as an array. If no title is found, return an empty array.',\r\n'location' => 'Extract the office name or city name in which this attorney works, as it is listed. The attorney may work out of two offices, in which case both should be listed. List them as an array. Do not include prior locations that may be mentioned as where the attorney may have worked in the past.',\r\n'direct_phone_no_1' => 'Extract the direct office phone number listed for this attorney. If multiple phone numbers are listed, select the one that is their direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number. If the attorney works out of two offices and has a direct line for each office, list the first here. If a direct line is unavailable, but a main or central office number is listed with an extension, list that number followed by EXT and the extension number',\r\n'direct_phone_no_2' => 'Extract the second direct office phone number listed for this attorney, if it exists. If multiple direct phone numbers are listed because the attorney works out of two office, select the second number \u2013 not the one listed in the prior item. Select only a number that is the attorney\u2019s direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number.',\r\n'image_url' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s image file',\r\n'linkedIn' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s LinkedIn profile, if it is listed. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'narrative_description' => 'Extract and combine all sections that provide a narrative overview of the attorney\u2019s biography and general work experience. Do not paraphrase, summarize, or omit information. Include the Biography/Bio section(s) and also include any Experience section that contains narrative descriptions of work (including sections structured as practice-area headings followed by descriptive paragraphs, e.g., \"Aging Services\" + paragraph text, \"Dental\" + paragraph text, etc.). Preserve headings and the order of content as it appears; you may convert embedded highlights into bullet points only if it helps preserve (not reduce) the information. EXCLUDE: any section (or subsection) that exclusively lists specific representative matters / representative experience items (typically a list of discrete matters, case captions like \"X v. Y\", deal/transaction bullet points, dated entries, courts/dockets, or similar itemized matter lists). If an Experience (or other) section contains BOTH narrative description AND a separate list of specific matters, include the narrative paragraphs/headings but omit the itemized matter list. Return the combined narrative text only. If no narrative bio or general-experience narrative exists, return an empty string.',\r\n'representative_matters' => 'Extract ALL representative matters (such as litigation cases, verdicts, transactions, or deals) that are listed as well any available descriptions of them, in both specified lists of representative matters, experience, and work highlights, as well as in the biographical text and list of news articles. If news articles for this attorney identify cases or transactions that can be inferred to be the work product of this attorney, include those matters as well. List the representative matters and their available descriptions as an array. Only pull from the text and do not paraphrase or make anything up. If no representative matters are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'news' => 'Extract news items ABOUT this attorney (not authored by them): e.g., firm/industry press releases, announcements, awards, rankings, deal/case results naming them, media coverage quoting or profiling them. List each item as \"Title (URL)\". If a \u201cNews\u201d section mixes authored content, include ONLY items that are clearly about the attorney or the firm, not implied to be authored by the attorney. Add base domain to relative links. Return an empty array [] if none.',\r\n'practice_areas' => 'Extract all the practice areas (aka departments, specialties, capabilities, services areas, areas of focus, etc.), if any, that are listed as ones that this attorney specializes in. Return them as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school' => 'Extract the law school attorney attended. This is for their primary law degree, usually a JD, LLB, or, in the absence of those, the earliest LLM listed or the institution where they received an undergraduate law degree. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which the attorney received their degree from the law school above (what year did they graduate?) If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_honors' => 'Extract all honors this attorney received in or during law school. You must review all education and credentials sections that list their law degree AND ALSO the narrative bio, as well as all other sectiosn. These honors include: latin honors (cum laude, summa cum laude, magna cum laude); school specific honors (e.g. James Kent Scholars at Columbia Law); regular honors designations (e.g. Dean\u2019s List, High Honors, etc.); Order of the Coif; course prizes (such as book awards, CALI Awards, American Jurisprudence Awards, or course awards); membership in phi kappa phi; scholarships and fellowships; moot court awards; trial advocacy awards; best oralis; brief-writing honors or other writing honors; pro bono or service distinctions; commencement prizes and medals; or other types of academic law school honors (but list them specifically - do not list them as \"other honors\". Return this entire extracted list of specific honors as an array. If no honors are found, return an empty array.',   \r\n'law_journals' =>' Extract any law reviews or law journals listed for the attorney's time in law school. Also list if the attorney had any titles in such law reviews or journals, like Articles Editor for example. Return this entire extracted list of law reviews and journals, and associated titles, as an array. If no law reviews or journals are found, return an empty array.'\r\n'undergraduate_school' => 'Extract the attorney\\'s undergraduate degree-granting school, college, university, or institution. This is probably the institution from where they received a bachelors degree. If their undergraduate degree was an LLB listed for their law school above, return an empty string. If no undergraduate schools are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which attorney received their undergraduate degree from the undergraduate school above. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_specialty' => 'Extract the specialties or majors that are listed for the undergraduate degree (e.g. economics, computer science, etc.) This does not include degree type, like B.S., Bachelor of Arts or Science degree, etc. List the specialties or majors as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_school' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, Extract the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_subject' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, list the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Masters_degree_school' => 'If this attorney has a masters degree, extract the educational institution from which they received it. But do not list schools from which the attorney received an LL.M. degree or a masters in law. If no masters degree schools are found, return an empty string. ',\r\n'Masters_degree_subject' => 'If the attorney has a masters degree, extract the subject or area of study of the masters. The subject area may be in the degree itself, such as an M.Div, which is a masters in Divinity. But do not include subjects for LL.M. degrees or masters in law degrees. DO NOT include honors or latin honors (e.g. cum laude, summa cum laude) in your answer. List subjects as array. If no masters degree subjects are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MBA_School' => 'If the attorney has a Masters in Business Administration, extract the name of the business school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MD_school' => 'If the attorney has an MD (Doctor of Medicine) or DO (Doctor of Osteopathy) degree, extract the name of the medical school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'llm_in_tax_law_school' =>  'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, specializing in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Other_LLM_school' => 'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, but not one that specializes in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'bar_and_court_admissions' => 'Extract EVERY explicit admission to practice (bar + court/agency) anywhere in the page. Include bar jurisdictions (states/provinces/territories/countries) and court/agency admissions (e.g., U.S. Supreme Court, Courts of Appeals with circuit, District/Bankruptcy/Tax/Federal Claims courts with district, USPTO, tribal/military/foreign courts). For UK attorneys, specify whether they are a solicitor, barrister, advocate, or any combination if available; for Canada, specify the province or territory; for Australia, specify the state or territory and whether they are admitted as a solicitor or barrister. Pull items under headings like \u201cAdmissions,\u201d \u201cBar Admissions,\u201d \u201cCourt Admissions,\u201d or similar, and treat each
 or clearly separated entry as one item. Do not infer from memberships/education. Exclude governments as parties, and strip years and dates. Output a deduplicated array of exact admission strings; if none, return []. ',\r\n'Clerkships' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, DO NOT include it in your answer. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Clerkships_with_judge' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, include it in parentheses after the court name, and if no judge is named, return only the court. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that lack judge names or that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Memberships' => 'Extract any organizations the attorney a member of. List them as an array, with the attorney's role if available. If no memberships or organizations are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'clients' => 'Extract the attorney's clients that are explicitly NAMED in the source code. You MUST review EVERY section (including explicit client lists, narrative biography, representative matters, experience, and news articles/titles) and then MERGE the results; do not stop after finding clients in any one section. If a list of representative matters or experience is present, extract NAMED clients from this list, and ignore any clients who are described in the list but who are not explicitly named in the list. Only include a client from the list of representative matters/experience or any other section if its name appears verbatim in the list and if the list clearly identifies the client as a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). As an overarching rule, if the client is not identified by a proper name, do not include it. When pulling clients from lists of representative matters/experience and news articles, include clients which are named and which are implied to be represented by this attorney, their team or firm, and exclude parties adverse to such clients, opposing such clients, or on the other side of a case, deal or transaction from such clients. For example, if the representative matter/experience or news article's title mentions a lending transaction with both the lender and borrower, and the attorney or their team or firm represented the lender, do not list the borrower. If a litigation case is listed, do not assume that the lawyer represented the plaintiff. Use context or other language in the text to determine which party was represented by the attorney. If a matter lists the government as one party, assume the attorney represented the other named party and include that party if it is specifically named and not anonymous. As another example, if the representative matter/experience is a litigation case, and it is written that the attorney represented the defense (or \"defended\" his client), extract the defendant named in the case title. List all named clients as a deduplicated array of NAMES copied directly from the source text. Omit unnamed parties and anonymous parties and never guess identities. If no named clients are explicitly named anywhere in the source code, return an empty string.',\r\n'industries' => 'Extract ONLY industries/industry sectors or client-type categories explicitly named in the source code (especially, but not exclusively, under headings like \u201cIndustries,\u201d \u201cPractices & Industries,\u201d or in /industries/ links). Include items like \u201cSports,\u201d \u201cHealthcare & Life Sciences,\u201d \u201cTechnology,\u201d \u201cInfrastructure,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity,\u201d etc. EXCLUDE practice areas, services, or deal/matter types (e.g., \u201cMergers & Acquisitions,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity M&A,\u201d \u201cacquisitions,\u201d \u201cinvestments,\u201d \u201cdivestitures,\u201d \u201cjoint ventures,\u201d \u201cfinancing,\u201d \u201crestructurings\u201d). Return a deduplicated array of industry/client-type names as written. If none are explicitly named, return empty array.',\r\n'languages' => 'Extract the languages in which the attorney is fluent. List them as an array.',\r\n'Accolades' => 'Extract any accolades, awards, or other special recognitions this attorney has received, such as rankings in Chambers guides (like Chambers & Partners, Chambers Gobal, or Chambers Asia-Pacific), the Legal500 list, and SuperLawyers, among others. The accolades should be specific to this attorney or their work, not generalized to their practice or their firm. List these accolades as an array. If no accolades are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'pro_bono_activities' => 'Extract the attorney's pro bono, community service, and volunteer activities, as well as any non-profit, ngo, community service organizations the attorney may be involved with. If a description of the work is provided, include that. List them as an array',\r\n'thought_leadership' => 'Extract ALL professional thought leadership attributed to this attorney in their narrative bio and in all \"Insights,\" \"Publications,\" \"Events,\" and similar sections. This includes all items with their authorship/co-authorship/speaking/hosting credit/(byline \u201cauthor,\u201d \"co-author,\" \u201cpresenter,\u201d \u201cspeaker,\u201d \u201cpanelist,\u201d \u201cwebinar,\u201d \u201cpodcast,\u201d \u201cblog,\u201d \u201carticle,\u201d \u201cpublication,\u201d \u201cchapter,\u201d \u201cCLE,\u201d etc.). This also includes any items that do not include their byline or credit, but which are implied to involve the attorney (for example, by being listed in a section on their profile for \"Insights,\" \"Podcasts,\" \"Events,\" \"Media,\" \"Thought Leadership,\" \"Webinars, etc.). If a \u201cNews\u201d or \u201cInsights\u201d section mixes third party news ABOUT this attorney, include only items implied to the attorney as creator/presenter. List each as \"Title (URL)\" when a link is present, otherwise just the title. Add base domain to relative links. Also include the publication, event/program, and date after the title if these are available. Return [] if none.'\r\n'adverse_parties' => 'Review all the source code, including the narrative bio and list of representative matters, and list EVERY identifiable and NAMED party that is adverse to this attorney\u2019s clients: litigation opponents and transaction counterparties (buyer vs seller, lender vs borrower, landlord vs tenant, licensor vs licensee, insurer vs insured, issuer vs underwriter/investor, etc.). You MUST pull from all sections in the source code - explicit lists of clients, the narrative biography, listed representative matters, or in news articles listed for this attorney, or the titles thereof. In M&A, if the attorney represented the buyer/acquirer, DO NOT list the acquired target as adverse (since it becomes the client); instead list only the selling side (seller, stockholders, founders, or divesting company). If the attorney represented the seller/target, list the buyer/acquirer. Use cues like \u201cto/with/from/against,\u201d \u201csale to/by,\u201d \u201cacquisition from/by,\u201d \u201cmerger with,\u201d \u201cfinanced by/loan to/from/credit facility with.\u201d In the attorney represented the owner or owning entity of a subsidiary/portfolio company (for example in the case of a restructuring or lending transaction), DO NOT list the subsidiary/portfolio company as adverse; Do not list governments/agencies/courts. Only include an adverse party if its name appears verbatim in the source code and clearly identifies a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). If the text does not contain the adverse party's name, do not include it. Output a deduplicated array of exact names; omit unnamed parties and never guess.'\r\n 'affinity_groups' => 'Extract ALL affinity/identity-based organizations the attorney is affiliated with on the page, even if under generic headings like \u201cAssociations,\u201d \u201cMemberships,\u201d \u201cAffiliations,\u201d \u201cCommunities,\u201d or \u201cOrganizations.\u201d Check all sections of the source code. Include all bar or professional association whose name signals an identity/affinity or civil-rights focus (e.g., words like Black/African-American/AAPI/Asian/South Asian/Pacific Islander/Hispanic/Latino/Native/Indigenous/LGBT/LGBTQ/Queer/Women/Gender/Disability/Veteran/Jewish/Muslim/Christian/Hindu/Sikh/Interfaith/Civil Rights/Minority/Diversity/Inclusion). Exclude purely general trade/professional groups without such identity focus. Return a deduplicated array of exact organization names; if none, return empty array.'"]}


[System] Extract the following details from the provided HTML source code. Return only a valid JSON object. Do not include any other text.

[User]
{"html":"\t\t\n\t\t
Tiffany Fowler
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\n\t\t\tAssociate\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t 858-513-1020\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t 858-513-1002\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t TFowler@lorberlaw.com\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t vCard\n\t\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t<button>\n\t\t\t\tAdmitted\n\t\t\t</button>\n\t\t
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\n
State Bar of California 2007
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\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t<button>\n\t\t\t\tMemberships\n\t\t\t</button>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n
San Diego Defense Lawyers
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\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t<button>\n\t\t\t\tSchool\n\t\t\t</button>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n
San Francisco State University, San Francisco, 2000 â€“ B.A. Political Science, Emphasis in International Relations
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Pepperdine University school of Law, Malibu, 2005 â€“ Juris Doctor
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Office Location
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\n                    \n                        Southern California                    \n
\n
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Practice Areas
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Insurance Defense
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Personal Injury
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\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t<button>\n\t\t\t\tAdmitted\n\t\t\t</button>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n
State Bar of California 2007
\n
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t<button>\n\t\t\t\tMemberships\n\t\t\t</button>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n
San Diego Defense Lawyers
\n
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t<button>\n\t\t\t\tSchool\n\t\t\t</button>\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n
San Francisco State University, San Francisco, 2000 â€“ B.A. Political Science, Emphasis in International Relations
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Pepperdine University school of Law, Malibu, 2005 â€“ Juris Doctor
\n
\n","instructions":["'first_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s first name.',\r\n'middle_name' => 'Extract only the attorney\\'s middle name or middle initial, as it is presented. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'surname' => 'Extract the attorney\u2019s last name or family name',\r\n'email' => 'Extract a valid email address for the profiled attorney. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'title' => 'Extract the profiled attorney\\'s job title. Ensure it is properly capitalized.The attorney can have multiple titles, in which case list them all as an array. If no title is found, return an empty array.',\r\n'location' => 'Extract the office name or city name in which this attorney works, as it is listed. The attorney may work out of two offices, in which case both should be listed. List them as an array. Do not include prior locations that may be mentioned as where the attorney may have worked in the past.',\r\n'direct_phone_no_1' => 'Extract the direct office phone number listed for this attorney. If multiple phone numbers are listed, select the one that is their direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number. If the attorney works out of two offices and has a direct line for each office, list the first here. If a direct line is unavailable, but a main or central office number is listed with an extension, list that number followed by EXT and the extension number',\r\n'direct_phone_no_2' => 'Extract the second direct office phone number listed for this attorney, if it exists. If multiple direct phone numbers are listed because the attorney works out of two office, select the second number \u2013 not the one listed in the prior item. Select only a number that is the attorney\u2019s direct line, not the main or central office number, nor a fax number.',\r\n'image_url' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s image file',\r\n'linkedIn' => 'Extract the URL for the attorney\u2019s LinkedIn profile, if it is listed. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'narrative_description' => 'Extract and combine all sections that provide a narrative overview of the attorney\u2019s biography and general work experience. Do not paraphrase, summarize, or omit information. Include the Biography/Bio section(s) and also include any Experience section that contains narrative descriptions of work (including sections structured as practice-area headings followed by descriptive paragraphs, e.g., \"Aging Services\" + paragraph text, \"Dental\" + paragraph text, etc.). Preserve headings and the order of content as it appears; you may convert embedded highlights into bullet points only if it helps preserve (not reduce) the information. EXCLUDE: any section (or subsection) that exclusively lists specific representative matters / representative experience items (typically a list of discrete matters, case captions like \"X v. Y\", deal/transaction bullet points, dated entries, courts/dockets, or similar itemized matter lists). If an Experience (or other) section contains BOTH narrative description AND a separate list of specific matters, include the narrative paragraphs/headings but omit the itemized matter list. Return the combined narrative text only. If no narrative bio or general-experience narrative exists, return an empty string.',\r\n'representative_matters' => 'Extract ALL representative matters (such as litigation cases, verdicts, transactions, or deals) that are listed as well any available descriptions of them, in both specified lists of representative matters, experience, and work highlights, as well as in the biographical text and list of news articles. If news articles for this attorney identify cases or transactions that can be inferred to be the work product of this attorney, include those matters as well. List the representative matters and their available descriptions as an array. Only pull from the text and do not paraphrase or make anything up. If no representative matters are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'news' => 'Extract news items ABOUT this attorney (not authored by them): e.g., firm/industry press releases, announcements, awards, rankings, deal/case results naming them, media coverage quoting or profiling them. List each item as \"Title (URL)\". If a \u201cNews\u201d section mixes authored content, include ONLY items that are clearly about the attorney or the firm, not implied to be authored by the attorney. Add base domain to relative links. Return an empty array [] if none.',\r\n'practice_areas' => 'Extract all the practice areas (aka departments, specialties, capabilities, services areas, areas of focus, etc.), if any, that are listed as ones that this attorney specializes in. Return them as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school' => 'Extract the law school attorney attended. This is for their primary law degree, usually a JD, LLB, or, in the absence of those, the earliest LLM listed or the institution where they received an undergraduate law degree. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which the attorney received their degree from the law school above (what year did they graduate?) If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'law_school_honors' => 'Extract all honors this attorney received in or during law school. You must review all education and credentials sections that list their law degree AND ALSO the narrative bio, as well as all other sectiosn. These honors include: latin honors (cum laude, summa cum laude, magna cum laude); school specific honors (e.g. James Kent Scholars at Columbia Law); regular honors designations (e.g. Dean\u2019s List, High Honors, etc.); Order of the Coif; course prizes (such as book awards, CALI Awards, American Jurisprudence Awards, or course awards); membership in phi kappa phi; scholarships and fellowships; moot court awards; trial advocacy awards; best oralis; brief-writing honors or other writing honors; pro bono or service distinctions; commencement prizes and medals; or other types of academic law school honors (but list them specifically - do not list them as \"other honors\". Return this entire extracted list of specific honors as an array. If no honors are found, return an empty array.',   \r\n'law_journals' =>' Extract any law reviews or law journals listed for the attorney's time in law school. Also list if the attorney had any titles in such law reviews or journals, like Articles Editor for example. Return this entire extracted list of law reviews and journals, and associated titles, as an array. If no law reviews or journals are found, return an empty array.'\r\n'undergraduate_school' => 'Extract the attorney\\'s undergraduate degree-granting school, college, university, or institution. This is probably the institution from where they received a bachelors degree. If their undergraduate degree was an LLB listed for their law school above, return an empty string. If no undergraduate schools are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_school_graduation_year' => 'Extract the year in which attorney received their undergraduate degree from the undergraduate school above. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'undergraduate_specialty' => 'Extract the specialties or majors that are listed for the undergraduate degree (e.g. economics, computer science, etc.) This does not include degree type, like B.S., Bachelor of Arts or Science degree, etc. List the specialties or majors as an array. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_school' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, Extract the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'PhD_subject' => 'If this attorney has a PhD, list the educational institution from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Masters_degree_school' => 'If this attorney has a masters degree, extract the educational institution from which they received it. But do not list schools from which the attorney received an LL.M. degree or a masters in law. If no masters degree schools are found, return an empty string. ',\r\n'Masters_degree_subject' => 'If the attorney has a masters degree, extract the subject or area of study of the masters. The subject area may be in the degree itself, such as an M.Div, which is a masters in Divinity. But do not include subjects for LL.M. degrees or masters in law degrees. DO NOT include honors or latin honors (e.g. cum laude, summa cum laude) in your answer. List subjects as array. If no masters degree subjects are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MBA_School' => 'If the attorney has a Masters in Business Administration, extract the name of the business school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'MD_school' => 'If the attorney has an MD (Doctor of Medicine) or DO (Doctor of Osteopathy) degree, extract the name of the medical school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'llm_in_tax_law_school' =>  'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, specializing in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Other_LLM_school' => 'If the attorney has an masters in laws (LLM) degree, but not one that specializes in tax, extract the name of the law school from which they received it. If not found, return an empty string.',\r\n'bar_and_court_admissions' => 'Extract EVERY explicit admission to practice (bar + court/agency) anywhere in the page. Include bar jurisdictions (states/provinces/territories/countries) and court/agency admissions (e.g., U.S. Supreme Court, Courts of Appeals with circuit, District/Bankruptcy/Tax/Federal Claims courts with district, USPTO, tribal/military/foreign courts). For UK attorneys, specify whether they are a solicitor, barrister, advocate, or any combination if available; for Canada, specify the province or territory; for Australia, specify the state or territory and whether they are admitted as a solicitor or barrister. Pull items under headings like \u201cAdmissions,\u201d \u201cBar Admissions,\u201d \u201cCourt Admissions,\u201d or similar, and treat each
 or clearly separated entry as one item. Do not infer from memberships/education. Exclude governments as parties, and strip years and dates. Output a deduplicated array of exact admission strings; if none, return []. ',\r\n'Clerkships' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, DO NOT include it in your answer. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Clerkships_with_judge' => 'Extract every judicial or court clerkship held by this attorney, regardless of where it appears in the biography (including in lists of prior employment or mixed professional experience). Treat any role containing the word \u201cclerk,\u201d \u201cclerkship,\u201d \u201cjudicial law clerk,\u201d \u201claw clerk,\u201d or similar as a clerkship. For each clerkship, return the name of the court as an array item; if the biography provides the judge\u2019s name, include it in parentheses after the court name, and if no judge is named, return only the court. Include clerkships in federal courts (including bankruptcy courts), state courts, appellate courts, supreme courts, magistrate judges, and any foreign courts. Do not skip clerkships that lack judge names or that appear in long court titles. If no clerkships are found, return an empty string.',\r\n'Memberships' => 'Extract any organizations the attorney a member of. List them as an array, with the attorney's role if available. If no memberships or organizations are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'clients' => 'Extract the attorney's clients that are explicitly NAMED in the source code. You MUST review EVERY section (including explicit client lists, narrative biography, representative matters, experience, and news articles/titles) and then MERGE the results; do not stop after finding clients in any one section. If a list of representative matters or experience is present, extract NAMED clients from this list, and ignore any clients who are described in the list but who are not explicitly named in the list. Only include a client from the list of representative matters/experience or any other section if its name appears verbatim in the list and if the list clearly identifies the client as a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). As an overarching rule, if the client is not identified by a proper name, do not include it. When pulling clients from lists of representative matters/experience and news articles, include clients which are named and which are implied to be represented by this attorney, their team or firm, and exclude parties adverse to such clients, opposing such clients, or on the other side of a case, deal or transaction from such clients. For example, if the representative matter/experience or news article's title mentions a lending transaction with both the lender and borrower, and the attorney or their team or firm represented the lender, do not list the borrower. If a litigation case is listed, do not assume that the lawyer represented the plaintiff. Use context or other language in the text to determine which party was represented by the attorney. If a matter lists the government as one party, assume the attorney represented the other named party and include that party if it is specifically named and not anonymous. As another example, if the representative matter/experience is a litigation case, and it is written that the attorney represented the defense (or \"defended\" his client), extract the defendant named in the case title. List all named clients as a deduplicated array of NAMES copied directly from the source text. Omit unnamed parties and anonymous parties and never guess identities. If no named clients are explicitly named anywhere in the source code, return an empty string.',\r\n'industries' => 'Extract ONLY industries/industry sectors or client-type categories explicitly named in the source code (especially, but not exclusively, under headings like \u201cIndustries,\u201d \u201cPractices & Industries,\u201d or in /industries/ links). Include items like \u201cSports,\u201d \u201cHealthcare & Life Sciences,\u201d \u201cTechnology,\u201d \u201cInfrastructure,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity,\u201d etc. EXCLUDE practice areas, services, or deal/matter types (e.g., \u201cMergers & Acquisitions,\u201d \u201cPrivate Equity M&A,\u201d \u201cacquisitions,\u201d \u201cinvestments,\u201d \u201cdivestitures,\u201d \u201cjoint ventures,\u201d \u201cfinancing,\u201d \u201crestructurings\u201d). Return a deduplicated array of industry/client-type names as written. If none are explicitly named, return empty array.',\r\n'languages' => 'Extract the languages in which the attorney is fluent. List them as an array.',\r\n'Accolades' => 'Extract any accolades, awards, or other special recognitions this attorney has received, such as rankings in Chambers guides (like Chambers & Partners, Chambers Gobal, or Chambers Asia-Pacific), the Legal500 list, and SuperLawyers, among others. The accolades should be specific to this attorney or their work, not generalized to their practice or their firm. List these accolades as an array. If no accolades are listed, return an empty string.',\r\n'pro_bono_activities' => 'Extract the attorney's pro bono, community service, and volunteer activities, as well as any non-profit, ngo, community service organizations the attorney may be involved with. If a description of the work is provided, include that. List them as an array',\r\n'thought_leadership' => 'Extract ALL professional thought leadership attributed to this attorney in their narrative bio and in all \"Insights,\" \"Publications,\" \"Events,\" and similar sections. This includes all items with their authorship/co-authorship/speaking/hosting credit/(byline \u201cauthor,\u201d \"co-author,\" \u201cpresenter,\u201d \u201cspeaker,\u201d \u201cpanelist,\u201d \u201cwebinar,\u201d \u201cpodcast,\u201d \u201cblog,\u201d \u201carticle,\u201d \u201cpublication,\u201d \u201cchapter,\u201d \u201cCLE,\u201d etc.). This also includes any items that do not include their byline or credit, but which are implied to involve the attorney (for example, by being listed in a section on their profile for \"Insights,\" \"Podcasts,\" \"Events,\" \"Media,\" \"Thought Leadership,\" \"Webinars, etc.). If a \u201cNews\u201d or \u201cInsights\u201d section mixes third party news ABOUT this attorney, include only items implied to the attorney as creator/presenter. List each as \"Title (URL)\" when a link is present, otherwise just the title. Add base domain to relative links. Also include the publication, event/program, and date after the title if these are available. Return [] if none.'\r\n'adverse_parties' => 'Review all the source code, including the narrative bio and list of representative matters, and list EVERY identifiable and NAMED party that is adverse to this attorney\u2019s clients: litigation opponents and transaction counterparties (buyer vs seller, lender vs borrower, landlord vs tenant, licensor vs licensee, insurer vs insured, issuer vs underwriter/investor, etc.). You MUST pull from all sections in the source code - explicit lists of clients, the narrative biography, listed representative matters, or in news articles listed for this attorney, or the titles thereof. In M&A, if the attorney represented the buyer/acquirer, DO NOT list the acquired target as adverse (since it becomes the client); instead list only the selling side (seller, stockholders, founders, or divesting company). If the attorney represented the seller/target, list the buyer/acquirer. Use cues like \u201cto/with/from/against,\u201d \u201csale to/by,\u201d \u201cacquisition from/by,\u201d \u201cmerger with,\u201d \u201cfinanced by/loan to/from/credit facility with.\u201d In the attorney represented the owner or owning entity of a subsidiary/portfolio company (for example in the case of a restructuring or lending transaction), DO NOT list the subsidiary/portfolio company as adverse; Do not list governments/agencies/courts. Only include an adverse party if its name appears verbatim in the source code and clearly identifies a real person, business, company, organization, or government entity. Do NOT include general descriptions, categories, roles, or descriptors that are not proper names (for example: \"Fortune 50 company\", \"medical billing company\", \"global bank\", \"mayoral candidate\", \"pharmacy\", \"trade association\", \"energy company\", or similar phrases). If the text does not contain the adverse party's name, do not include it. Output a deduplicated array of exact names; omit unnamed parties and never guess.'\r\n 'affinity_groups' => 'Extract ALL affinity/identity-based organizations the attorney is affiliated with on the page, even if under generic headings like \u201cAssociations,\u201d \u201cMemberships,\u201d \u201cAffiliations,\u201d \u201cCommunities,\u201d or \u201cOrganizations.\u201d Check all sections of the source code. Include all bar or professional association whose name signals an identity/affinity or civil-rights focus (e.g., words like Black/African-American/AAPI/Asian/South Asian/Pacific Islander/Hispanic/Latino/Native/Indigenous/LGBT/LGBTQ/Queer/Women/Gender/Disability/Veteran/Jewish/Muslim/Christian/Hindu/Sikh/Interfaith/Civil Rights/Minority/Diversity/Inclusion). Exclude purely general trade/professional groups without such identity focus. Return a deduplicated array of exact organization names; if none, return empty array.'"]}